ArticleImmunology2015
Interleukin-21 suppresses the differentiation and functions of T helper 2 cells.
Article in Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Periodontal Disease and Its Association withMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- IL-Mediated Macrophage Polarization Axis: From Inflammatory Positive Feedback Loop to Precision Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Allergic Rhinitis-A Narrative Review.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2026Review
- Article
- The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Age-associated Senescent - T Cell Signaling Promotes Type 3 Immunity that Inhibits the Biomaterial Regenerative Response.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2024Article
- Biological Role, Mechanism of Action and the Importance of Interleukins in Kidney Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Chronic Occupational Mold Exposure Drives Expansion ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Huangbai Liniment Ameliorates Skin Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Th2 cells as an intermediate for the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th9 cells, associated with the Smad3/Smad4 and IRF4 pathway.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Interleukin 21 Receptor/Ligand Interaction Is Linked to Disease Progression in Pancreatic Cancer.Cells · 2019Article
- T Follicular Helper Cell Subsets and the Associated Cytokine IL-21 in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Asthma.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Cytokine Regulation in Human CD4 T Cells by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Gq-Coupled Receptors.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Association of Genetic Polymorphisms with Atopic Dermatitis, Clinical Severity and Total IgE: A Replication and Extended Study.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2018Article
- IL-21/IL-21R signaling suppresses intestinal inflammation induced by DSS through regulation of Th responses in lamina propria in mice.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Hormetic Effect of Chronic Hypergravity in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma and Rhinitis.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Repeated Activation of Lung Invariant NKT Cells Results in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Like Symptoms.PloS one · 2016Article
- CREM Alpha Enhances IL-21 Production in T CellsFrontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- Role of type 2 immunity in intestinal inflammation.Current opinion in gastroenterology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which produce interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, control immunity to all forms of allergic inflammatory responses. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) reduces allergic symptoms in murine models and inhibits IL-4-induced IgE secretion by B cells. However, whether or not IL-21 directly affects Th2 cells, which leads to reduced allergic symptoms, is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-21 on the differentiation and effector functions of Th2 cells. We found that IL-21 reduced the number of differentiated Th2 cells and these Th2 cells showed a diminished Th2 cytokine production. Interleukin-21 suppressed Th2 cytokine production of already polarized Th2 cells by down-regulation of transcription factor GATA-3. It also induced apoptosis of Th2 cells with decreased anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Intranasal administration of IL-21 at the beginning of ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization or before OVA challenge decreased Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of OVA/alum-immunized allergic mice. In addition, the inhibitory effects of IL-21 on Th2 effector functions can also be found in allergic patients. Our results demonstrate that IL-21 suppresses the development of Th2 cells and functions of polarized Th2 cells. Hence, the administration of IL-21 may be considered for use as a preventive and therapeutic approach when dealing with Th2-mediated allergic diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.