SynthesisPloS one2014
Maternal socioeconomic status and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: a meta-analysis of 33 studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of evidence on reported non-genetic risk factors of congenital heart defects: the updated umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Pooled it
- Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors of Congenital Anomalies: an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Journal of Korean medical science · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of socioeconomic status and remoteness of residence on pregnancy outcome in major congenital heart disease: mediation analysis.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Paediatric infection hospital admissions in England before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Tiny babies, big bills: the vital role of the NICU in sustaining lives and health systems.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Racial disparities in maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and prevalence of congenital heart defects.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Effect of Maternal Race, Residential Rurality, and Social Vulnerability on Critical Congenital Heart Defect Risk.Pediatric cardiology · 2025Article
- Maternal mental disorders, psychotropic drugs, socioeconomic status, and offspring congenital anomalies.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Article
- Paternal peri-conceptional physical activity and the risk of congenital heart disease in offspring: A case-control study.Andrology · 2025Observational
- Prediction of cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease using machine learning models.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Predictive model for congenital heart disease in children of Pakistan by using structural equation modeling.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Prevalence of congenital anomalies and prenatal diagnosis by birth institution (public vs. non-public): indicators of inequality in access to elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies.Journal of community genetics · 2024Article
- Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and risk of birth defects in offspring: Population-based cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Periconceptional maternal folate supplementation impacts a diverse range of congenital malformations.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Lower Socioeconomic Status is Associated with an Increased Incidence and Spectrum of Major Congenital Heart Disease and Associated Extracardiac Pathology.Pediatric cardiology · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries among children and adolescents with congenital heart defects.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2024Article
- Neighborhood social deprivation and healthcare utilization, disability, and comorbidities among young adults with congenital heart defects: Congenital heart survey to recognize outcomes, needs, and well-being 2016-2019.Birth defects research · 2023Article
- Association between usage of household cooking fuel and congenital birth defects-18 months multi-centric cohort study in Nepal.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2023Article
- Association between maternal marginalization and infants born with congenital heart disease in Ontario Canada.BMC public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe conducted this meta-analysis to address the open question of a possible association between maternal socioeconomic status and congenital heart defects (CHDs).
methodsWe searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from their inception to January 1, 2014 for case-control and cohort studies that assessed the association between maternal socioeconomic status and the risk of CHDs. Study-specific relative risk estimates were polled according to random-effect or fixed-effect models.
resultsFrom 3343 references, a total of 31 case-control studies and 2 cohort studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis, including more than 50,000 cases. We observed that maternal educational attainment, family income and maternal occupation were negatively associated with an 11% (pooled RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21), 5% (pooled RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09) and 51% (pooled RR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.24) increased risk of CHDs, respectively. In a subgroup analysis by geographic region, the results were inconsistent for the European region (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.99-1.69) and USA/Canada region (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.16) in maternal educational attainment.
conclusionIn summary, this meta-analysis suggests that a lower degree of maternal socioeconomic status is modestly associated with an increased risk of CHDs. However, further investigations are needed to confirm the association.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.