ReviewBrain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)2014
Alterations in immune cells and mediators in the brain: it's not always neuroinflammation!
Review in Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Postmortem evidence of brain inflammatory markers in bipolar disorder: a systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Tissue-Resident Macrophages: Focus on Bone Homeostasis and Regeneration.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Neuroinflammation: an unfortunate term to describe schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Association between post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric symptoms and persistent glial activation in the limbic system: a TSPO PET study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Investigating the disturbance in cortical glutamate and GABA function in psychosis and its origins and consequences.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Intelligent nanoliposome ameliorate chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated neuronal injury via a dual regulation microglial inflammation strategy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Lipid nanoparticle-mediated Cd14 siRNA delivery ameliorates the acute inflammatory response to intracortical microelectrode implantation.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Article
- Activated Microglia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Elicit a Pro-Inflammatory Astrocytic Response via Cargo-Dependent Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- The effect of neuroimmune signalling on drug addiction.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Microglia-Targeted Nanotherapeutics in Major Depressive Disorder: An Integrative Perspective on Neuroinflammation and Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The Small Molecule DDOX Confers Neuroprotection and Alleviates Motor Deficits in a Preclinical Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.Neurotoxicity research · 2025Article
- Implicating neuroinflammation in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala with cognitive deficit: a narrative review.3 Biotech · 2025Review
- The volatile oil ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Exosomes and non-coding RNAs in the regulation of neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Long-term reprogramming of primed microglia after moderate inhibition of CSF1R signaling.Glia · 2025Article
- Effects of social dominance and acute social stress on morphology of microglia and structural integrity of the medial prefrontal cortex.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- The Role of Inflammation in Depression and Beyond: A Primer for Clinicians.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
- Altered brain metabolites in male nonhuman primate offspring exposed to maternal immune activation.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Overview of the Efficacy of Using Probiotics for Neurosurgical and Potential Neurosurgical Patients.Microorganisms · 2024Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroinflammation was once a clearly defined term denoting pathological immune processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, this term was used to indicate the four hallmarks of peripheral inflammaton that occur following severe CNS injuries, such as stroke, injury or infection. Recently, however, the definition of neuroinflammation has relaxed to the point that it is often now assumed to be present when even only a single classical hallmark of inflammation is measured. As a result, a wide range of disorders, from psychiatric to degenerative diseases, are now assumed to have an integral inflammatory component. Ironically, at the same time, research has revealed unexpected nonclassical immune actions of immune mediators and cells in the CNS in the absence of pathology, increasing the likelihood that homeostatic and adaptive immune processes in the CNS will be mistaken for neuroinflammation. Thus, we suggest reserving the term neuroinflammation for contexts where multiple signs of inflammation are present to avoid erroneously classifying disorders as inflammatory when they may instead be caused by nonimmune etiologies or secondary immune processes that serve adaptive roles.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.