ArticleBehavioral and brain functions : BBF2014
Colour vision in ADHD: part 1--testing the retinal dopaminergic hypothesis.
Article in Behavioral and brain functions : BBF, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Self images: an empirical enquiry into Rembrandt's self-portraits.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Random Step Method for Measuring the Point of Subjective Equality.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Investigating the influence of visuospatial stimuli on driver's speed perception: a laboratory study.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2023Article
- The electroretinogram b-wave amplitude: a differential physiological measure for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2022Article
- Does methylphenidate treatment affect functional and structural ocular parameters in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? - A prospective, one year follow-up study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Attentional blink and putative noninvasive dopamine markers: Two experiments to consolidate possible associations.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2019Article
- A Low-Level Perceptual Correlate of Behavioral and Clinical Deficits in ADHD.Computational psychiatry (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Article
- When attention is intact in adults with ADHD.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo test the retinal dopaminergic hypothesis, which posits deficient blue color perception in ADHD, resulting from hypofunctioning CNS and retinal dopamine, to which blue cones are exquisitely sensitive. Also, purported sex differences in red color perception were explored.
methods30 young adults diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy young adults, matched on age and gender, performed a psychophysical task to measure blue and red color saturation and contrast discrimination ability. Visual function measures, such as the Visual Activities Questionnaire (VAQ) and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FMT), were also administered.
resultsFemales with ADHD were less accurate in discriminating blue and red color saturation relative to controls but did not differ in contrast sensitivity. Female control participants were better at discriminating red saturation than males, but no sex difference was present within the ADHD group.
conclusionPoorer discrimination of red as well as blue color saturation in the female ADHD group may be partly attributable to a hypo-dopaminergic state in the retina, given that color perception (blue-yellow and red-green) is based on input from S-cones (short wavelength cone system) early in the visual pathway. The origin of female superiority in red perception may be rooted in sex-specific functional specialization in hunter-gather societies. The absence of this sexual dimorphism for red colour perception in ADHD females warrants further investigation.
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