ReviewThe AAPS journal2015
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
Review in The AAPS journal, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of germline genetic variation on breast cancer prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical cancer cytotherapy: a systematic review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2018Pooled it
- Stem Cell-Delivered Cytosine Deaminase/5-Fluorocytosine and TRAIL Gene Therapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Translational Synthesis and First-in-Human Trial Concept.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bacterial-based cancer therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Broadening activity of checkpoint blockade agents by intratumoral nucleoside cleavage.JCI insight · 2026Article
- A genetic reporter for visualizing nitroreductase activity using magnetic resonance imaging.Chemistry methods : new approaches to solving problems in chemistry · 2026Article
- Microbiota in cancer: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Small-molecule control of CAR T cells.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2025Review
- Programming tumor evolution with selection gene drives to proactively combat drug resistance.Nature biotechnology · 2025Article
- Nanomedicine innovations in colon and rectal cancer: advances in targeted drug and gene delivery systems.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Review
- Prodrugs in Oncology: Bioactivation and Impact on Therapeutic Efficacy and Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Eradication of Cancer Cells Using Doxifluridine and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expressing Thymidine Phosphorylase.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Bactofection, Bacterial-Mediated Vaccination, and Cancer Therapy: Current Applications and Future Perspectives.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Recent Advances in the Application of Nitro(het)aromatic Compounds for Treating and/or Fluorescent Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Novel Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy for Cancer Treatment Based on 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Structural Evaluation of a Nitroreductase Engineered for Improved Activation of the 5-Nitroimidazole PET Probe SN33623.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy of Hematological Malignancies of Human B-Cell Origin with CD19 CAR T Lymphocytes.Cells · 2024Review
- Binding Pattern and Structural Interactome of the Anticancer Drug 5-Fluorouracil: A Critical Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As one targeting strategy of prodrug delivery, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) promises to realize the targeting through its three key features in cancer therapy-cell-specific gene delivery and expression, controlled conversion of prodrugs to drugs in target cells, and expanded toxicity to the target cells' neighbors through bystander effects. After over 20 years of development, multiple GDEPT systems have advanced into clinical trials. However, no GDEPT product is currently marketed as a drug, suggesting that there are still barriers to overcome before GDEPT becomes a standard therapy. In this review, we first provide a general introduction of this prodrug targeting strategy. Then, we utilize the four most thoroughly studied systems to illustrate components, mechanisms, preclinical and clinical results, and further development directions of GDEPT. These four systems are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir, cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine, cytochrome P450/oxazaphosphorines, and nitroreductase/CB1954 system. Later, we focus our discussion on bystander effects including local and distant bystander effects. Lastly, we discuss carriers that are used to deliver genes for GDEPT including virus carriers and non-virus carriers. Among these carriers, the stem cell-based gene delivery system represents one of the newest carriers under development, and may brought about a breakthrough to the gene delivery issue of GDEPT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.