ArticleThyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association2015
The relationship between skewed X chromosome inactivation and the prognosis of Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases.
Article in Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- The emerging roles of ITM2A: At the molecular crossroads of development and pathogenesis.iScience · 2026Review
- The complex relationship between endocrine and psychiatric disorders: an epidemiological study of risk estimates.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2026Article
- An in-depth study of the correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Sjogren's syndrome: multiple evidences from large cohorts, Mendelian randomization, and transcriptomic analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.Endocrine · 2025Review
- Assessment of XCI skewing and demonstration of XCI escape region based on single-cell RNA sequencing: comparison between female Grave's disease and control.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy: The Interaction Between Genetics, Epigenetics and Environmental Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Translation of cell therapies to treat autoimmune disorders.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
- The Prediction Model Using Thyroid-stimulating Immunoglobulin Bioassay For Relapse of Graves' Disease.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2022Article
- Preferential X Chromosome Inactivation as a Mechanism to Explain Female Preponderance in Myasthenia Gravis.Genes · 2022Article
- Review
- Birth Characteristics and Risk of Pediatric Thyroid Cancer: A Population-Based Record-Linkage Study in California.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2021Article
- Article
- A new sex-specific underlying mechanism for female schizophrenia: accelerated skewed X chromosome inactivation.Biology of sex differences · 2020Article
- A novel mutation in gene of PRPS1 in a young Chinese woman with X-linked gout: a case report and review of the literature.Clinical rheumatology · 2020Review
- Article
- The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders.Clinical epigenetics · 2019Review
- (Putative) sex differences in neuroimmune modulation of memory.Journal of neuroscience research · 2017Review
- Association of Polymorphisms inInternational journal of endocrinology · 2017Article
- Epigenetics and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAutoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) predominantly develop in females. One of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated by methylation in each female cell, but it has been reported that skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI) may be associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. To clarify the significance of skewed XCI in the prognosis and development of AITD, we investigated the proportion of skewed XCI in female patients with AITD.
methodsWe analyzed the degree of XCI skewing in 120 female patients with AITD (77 patients with Graves' disease [GD] and 43 patients with Hashimoto's disease [HD]) and 49 female controls in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We performed XCI analysis by digesting inactive DNA with a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (HpaII) followed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the polymorphic CAG repeat of the androgen receptor gene and electrophoresis of the PCR products.
resultsThe proportion of skewed XCI (≥65% skewing) was not significantly different between AITD patients and control subjects but was higher in patients with intractable GD (66.7%) than those with GD in remission (25.0%, p=0.0033) and control subjects (32.6%, p=0.0038). When the cutoff value for XCI skewing was relaxed, the proportion of skewed XCI (≥60% skewing) was higher in patients with severe HD (76.5%) than in those with mild HD (41.2%, p=0.0342).
conclusionsSkewed XCI is related to the prognosis of AITD, particularly the intractability of GD.
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