ArticleStroke2014
Brain edema predicts outcome after nonlacunar ischemic stroke.
Article in Stroke, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines for Neuroprognostication in Critically ill Adults with Acute Ischemic Stroke.Neurocritical care · 2026Guideline
- Adjunct tirofiban after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a GRADE-guided meta-analysis of randomized trials with trial sequential analysis.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in acute traumatic brain injury in prediction of poor neurological outcome and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Association between pre-treatment perfusion profile and cerebral edema after reperfusion therapies in ischemic stroke.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021Trial
- Intravenous Glibenclamide Reduces Lesional Water Uptake in Large Hemispheric Infarction.Stroke · 2019Trial
- Association of Reperfusion With Brain Edema in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Secondary Analysis of the MR CLEAN Trial.JAMA neurology · 2018Trial
- Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Signal Intensity Ratio Predicts the Effect of Revascularization on Ischemic Cerebral Edema.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Trial
- TURN Score Predicts 24-Hour Cerebral Edema After IV Thrombolysis.Neurocritical care · 2016Trial
- Glyburide Advantage in Malignant Edema and Stroke (GAMES-RP) Trial: Rationale and Design.Neurocritical care · 2016Trial
- Potentiation of GPR68 alleviates post-ischemia BBB dysfunction and brain edema in mice.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Early blood pressure lowering and cerebral oedema in thrombolysis-treated stroke: secondary analysis of the ENCHANTED trial.Stroke and vascular neurology · 2026Observational
- Seven-Day Modified Rankin Scale Score as an Early Predictor of 90-Day Functional Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy.Clinical neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Acupuncture improves neurological function in ICH rats via suppression of WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 signaling activation.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- β-Hydroxybutyrate improves glymphatic system function and alleviates cerebral edema in mice after ischemic stroke.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Autoregulation-Guided Blood Pressure Targets After Stroke Thrombectomy: Impact on Secondary Brain Injury and Neurologic Outcomes.Neurology · 2026Observational
- Early Predictors of Long-Term Outcome in Basilar Artery Occlusion: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ATTENTION Trial.Journal of stroke · 2026Article
- Longitudinal assessment of automated gray-white matter ratio for outcome prediction after cardiac arrest.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Article
- Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, Edema Formation and Functional Recovery in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Retrospective Study.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Acute Treatment with Fucoidan Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurological Damages and Memory Deficits in Rats: Role of BBB Integrity, Microglial Activity, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Early automated cerebral edema assessment following endovascular therapy: impact on stroke outcome.Journal of neurointerventional surgery · 2025Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeIn malignant infarction, brain edema leads to secondary neurological deterioration and poor outcome. We sought to determine whether swelling is associated with outcome in smaller volume strokes.
methodsTwo research cohorts of acute stroke subjects with serial brain MRI were analyzed. The categorical presence of swelling and infarct growth was assessed on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) by comparing baseline and follow-up scans. The increase in stroke volume (ΔDWI) was then subdivided into swelling and infarct growth volumes using region-of-interest analysis. The relationship of these imaging markers with outcome was evaluated in univariable and multivariable regression.
resultsThe presence of swelling independently predicted worse outcome after adjustment for age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, admission glucose, and baseline DWI volume (odds ratio, 4.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-18.9; P<0.02). Volumetric analysis confirmed that ΔDWI was associated with outcome (odds ratio, 4.29; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-11.5; P<0.001). After partitioning ΔDWI into swelling and infarct growth volumetrically, swelling remained an independent predictor of poor outcome (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.17; P<0.005). Larger infarct growth was also associated with poor outcome (odds ratio, 7.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-143; P<0.045), although small infarct growth was not. The severity of cytotoxic injury measured on apparent diffusion coefficient maps was associated with swelling, whereas the perfusion deficit volume was associated with infarct growth.
conclusionsSwelling and infarct growth each contribute to total stroke lesion growth in the days after stroke. Swelling is an independent predictor of poor outcome, with a brain swelling volume of ≥11 mL identified as the threshold with greatest sensitivity and specificity for predicting poor outcome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.