ArticleEpidemiology and infection2015
Shedding of norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Pathogen Detection in Wastewater in Africa, with Focus on Rwanda: Implications for Early Warning and Public Health Surveillance.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteric virus shedding in human excretions.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A decade of norovirus disease risk among older adults in upper-middle and high income countries: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Pooled it
- Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Trial
- Population-level genomic surveillance of human norovirus using wastewater-based whole-genome sequencing.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparable Norovirus Shedding in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals: A Hospital-Based Study in Bangladesh.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A Wastewater-based Modeling Framework for Inferring Norovirus Transmission Dynamics.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Real-time spatiotemporal tracking of infectious outbreaks in confined environments with a host-pathogen agent-based system.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Wastewater-based epidemiology to enhance public health preparedness and response during large-scale events: experiences from the 2024 Republican and Democratic National Conventions - Milwaukee, WI and Chicago, IL.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Sexually transmitted enteric infections in men who have sex with men.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Lognormal distributions capture site-specific variability in enteric virus concentrations in wastewater.Environmental science : water research & technology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks in Kindergartens, Primary Schools, and Junior High Schools in Xi'an, China, From October 2020 to February 2023.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- A Review of the Human Health Risks from Microbial Hazards in Recreational Beach Sand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Targeting norovirus RdRp: A computational study on the inhibitory potential of ursolic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2025Article
- Quantification and Genotyping of Norovirus in Aerosols from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Thailand.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
- Incidence of Norovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis across Age Groups in a Peruvian Andean Community.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Membrane asymmetry facilitates murine norovirus entry and persistent enteric infection.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Navigating Uncertainties in RT-qPCR and Infectivity Assessment of Norovirus.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Norovirus is the most frequent cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis and it is difficult to control in crowded environments like hospitals and nursing homes. Transmission depends on oral intake of virus deposited in the environment by infectious subjects. Data from volunteer studies indicate that virus concentrations in stool are highly variable, but systematic studies of the time-course of shedding and its individual variation are lacking. This paper quantifies norovirus shedding in a large population of 102 subjects, including asymptomatic shedders, and uses a longitudinal model to generalize shedding patterns. Enhanced surveillance for studies of transmission of norovirus in hospital outbreaks has yielded a considerable number of faecal samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic shedders, both from patients and staff. Norovirus concentrations were determined by real-time PCR. A quantitative dynamic model was fitted to the shedding data, in a multilevel Bayesian framework, to study the time-course of shedding and its variation. The results indicate that shedding in asymptomatic subjects is similar to that in symptomatic infections, both showing considerable variation in peak levels (average 105-109 /g faeces) as well as duration of virus shedding (average 8-60 days). Patients appear to shed higher numbers of virus than staff, for slightly longer durations, but the differences are too small to be significant. Given equal shedding, the greater contribution of symptomatic cases to transmission must be caused by their higher efficiency in spreading these viruses. The results of this study will be helpful for risk studies that need to quantify the deposition of virus in the environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.