Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25335898›Full record

ArticleTobacco control2015

The healthcare costs of secondhand smoke exposure in rural China.

Tingting Yao, Hai-Yen Sung, Zhengzhong Mao, Teh-wei Hu, Wendy Max

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Tobacco control, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
2.4field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Tingting YaoInstitute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Hai-Yen SungInstitute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Zhengzhong MaoHuaxi School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Teh-wei HuCenter for International Tobacco Control, Public Health Institute, Oakland, California, USA School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Wendy MaxInstitute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Institute on Aging · USSichuan University · CNUniversity of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

Postdoctoral training in tobacco controlR25CA113710 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GLANTZ, STANTON ARNOLD · 2006 to 2015
$5.4M
Postdoctoral training in tobacco controlT32CA113710 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI LING, PAMELA MAY · 2016 to 2020
$2.6M
Tobacco Control Policy Analysis & Intervention Evaluation in China and TanzaniaR01TW009295 · FIC · PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE · PI HU, TEH-WEI · 2012 to 2016
$1.3M
FIC NIH HHS R01 TW009295NCI NIH HHS CA-113710NCI NIH HHS R25 CA113710NCI NIH HHS T32 CA113710
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe goal of this study was to assess the healthcare costs attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smoking adults (age ≥ 19) in rural China.

methodsWe analysed data from the 2011 National Rural Household Survey which was conducted among adults in five provinces and one municipality in China (N=12,397). Respondents reported their smoking status, health conditions and healthcare expenditures. Relative risks were obtained from published sources. Healthcare costs included annual outpatient and inpatient hospitalisation expenditures for five SHS-related diseases: asthma, breast cancer (female only), heart disease, lung cancer and tuberculosis. SHS-attributable healthcare costs were estimated using a prevalence-based annual cost approach.

findingsThe total healthcare costs of SHS exposure in rural China amounted to $1.2 billion in 2011, including $559 million for outpatient visits and $612.4 million for inpatient hospitalisations. The healthcare costs for women and men were $877.1 million and $294.3 million, respectively. Heart disease was the most costly condition for both women ($701.7 million) and men ($180.6 million). The total healthcare costs of SHS exposure in rural China accounted to 0.3% of China's national healthcare expenditures in 2011. Over one-fifth of the total healthcare costs of SHS exposure in rural China were paid by health insurance. The out-of-pocket expenditures per person accounted for almost half (47%) of their daily income.

conclusionsThe adverse health effects of SHS exposure result in a large economic burden in China. Tobacco control policies that reduce SHS exposure could have an impact on reducing healthcare costs in China.

Indexed as

Health Care CostsHealth ExpendituresRural PopulationAdultAsthmaChinaCost of IllnessEnvironmental ExposureFamily CharacteristicsFemaleHeart DiseasesHospitalizationHumansInsurance, HealthMaleNeoplasmsTobacco Smoke PollutionEconomicsGlobal healthLow/Middle income countryPublic policySecondhand smoke

Identifiers

PMID25335898
PMCPMC4405484
OpenAlexW2119693263

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.