Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Potential antigenic explanation for atypical H1N1 infections among middle-aged adults during the 2013-2014 influenza season.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The molecular basis of antigenic variation among A(H9N2) avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Pooled it
- Assessing the Protective Potential of H1N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head and Stalk Antibodies in Humans.Journal of virology · 2019Trial
- Resurgence of large-scale influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks: Modeling the interplay of transmission, loss of immunity, and vaccination.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2027Article
- Convergent evolution of the N156K mutation in A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin contributes to antigenic drift and cluster transition.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Effects of Age and Birth Cohort on Influenza A Virus Subtype-Specific Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2010-2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- What Antibody Repertoires See: Structural and Immunogenetic Insights Into Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Recognition.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Mucosal IgA to pre-fusion F protein predicts protection from RSV infection in a high burden setting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccine responses differ between young children previously exposed to influenza antigens via infection versus vaccination.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Postinfection Pig and Ferret Antisera Show Similar Antigenic Profiles for Human Influenza A(H1N1pdm09) Viruses.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Article
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- High-throughput neutralization measurements correlate strongly with evolutionary success of human influenza strains.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Immunodominant antibodies against hemagglutinin in ferrets following infection with 2018 to 2019 influenza vaccine strains.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023-2024 Season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus to inform vaccine-strain selection in September 2025.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza viruses typically cause the most severe disease in children and elderly individuals. However, H1N1 viruses disproportionately affected middle-aged adults during the 2013-2014 influenza season. Although H1N1 viruses recently acquired several mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, classic serological tests used by surveillance laboratories indicate that these mutations do not change antigenic properties of the virus. Here, we show that one of these mutations is located in a region of HA targeted by antibodies elicited in many middle-aged adults. We find that over 42% of individuals born between 1965 and 1979 possess antibodies that recognize this region of HA. Our findings offer a possible antigenic explanation of why middle-aged adults were highly susceptible to H1N1 viruses during the 2013-2014 influenza season. Our data further suggest that a drifted H1N1 strain should be included in future influenza vaccines to potentially reduce morbidity and mortality in this age group.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.