Trial reportPsychological science2014
Subliminal strengthening: improving older individuals' physical function over time with an implicit-age-stereotype intervention.
Trial report in Psychological science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Examining the malleability of implicit views of aging in middle-aged and older adults.Psychology and aging · 2025Trial
- Change in Views of Aging, Physical Activity, and Physical Health Over 8 Weeks: Results From a Randomized Study.Journal of aging and physical activity · 2023Trial
- Exposure to Ageism Among United States Older Adults With and Without Chronic Pain: Prevalence and Associations With Pain-Related Treatment Factors.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- Development and Psychometric Validation of the Japanese Version of the Everyday Ageism Scale (EAS-J) Among Older Adults.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Article
- Aging Redefined: Cognitive and Physical Improvement with Positive Age Beliefs.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Depressive Symptoms in Later Life: Mediating Role of Self-Perceptions of Aging in Low-Income Older Korean Immigrants.Journal of gerontological social work · 2026Article
- Correlation Between Self-Perceived Aging and Oral Frailty in Elderly Chinese Patients with Ischemic Stroke.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- "How old do you feel?" Subjective age as a tool to enhance communication in primary care: a pilot observational study.BMC primary care · 2025Observational
- Depressive symptoms affect frailty through attitudes to aging: a cross-lagged analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Toward an intragroup approach to alleviate ageism in the second half of life.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Self-Perceptions of Aging Predict Recovery After a Fall: Prospective Analysis From the English Longitudinal Study of Aging.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Observational
- Negative Aging Stereotypes and Clinical Insomnia in Older U.S. Military Veterans.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Negotiating a physically active life in tune with ageing: a grounded theory study of older persons' experiences of participating in high-intensity interval training.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Leisure Engagement and Self-Perceptions of Aging: Longitudinal Analysis of Concurrent and Lagged Relationships.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Age-based stereotype threat effects on dynamic balance in healthy older adults.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2024Article
- Unconsciously triggered cognitive conflict influences perceptual choice in active and sedentary individuals.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- What do we really know about age-related stereotypes and well-being of older adults? A commentary on the state of the art.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Negative age stereotypes that older individuals assimilate from their culture predict detrimental outcomes, including worse physical function. We examined, for the first time, whether positive age stereotypes, presented subliminally across multiple sessions in the community, would lead to improved outcomes. Each of 100 older individuals (age=61-99 years, M=81) was randomly assigned to an implicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, an explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, a combined implicit- and explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, or a control group. Interventions occurred at four 1-week intervals. The implicit intervention strengthened positive age stereotypes, which strengthened positive self-perceptions of aging, which, in turn, improved physical function. The improvement in these outcomes continued for 3 weeks after the last intervention session. Further, negative age stereotypes and negative self-perceptions of aging were weakened. For all outcomes, the implicit intervention's impact was greater than the explicit intervention's impact. The physical-function effect of the implicit intervention surpassed a previous study's 6-month-exercise-intervention's effect with participants of similar ages. The current study's findings demonstrate the potential of directing implicit processes toward physical-function enhancement over time.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.