ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2014
Correlation between human tear cytokine levels and cellular corneal changes in patients with bacterial keratitis by in vivo confocal microscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Corneal macrophages and limbal stem cells: emerging roles in ocular surface regeneration.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Observation of Changes in Dendritic Cells in Patients with Herpes Simplex Stromal Keratitis Using In Vivo Confocal Microscopy.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ocular Surface Repair: Unveiling the Immunoregulatory Pathways for Timely Intervention.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Mooren's ulcer: a multifactorial autoimmune peripheral ulcerative keratitis and current treatment protocols.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Bilateral Pattern Electroretinogram Abnormalities in Patients with Herpes Zoster Keratitis and Conjunctivitis.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Ocular surface immune transcriptome and tear cytokines in corneal infection patients.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- A Pilot Study to Evaluate Genipin inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Understanding Ocular Surface Inflammation in Tears Before and After Autologous Cultivated Limbal Epithelial Stem Cell Transplantation.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2023Article
- Myeloid cells protect corneal nerves against sterile injury through negative-feedback regulation of TLR2-IL-6 axis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Changes in corneal higher-order aberrations during treatment for infectious keratitis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Corneal immune cells as a biomarker of inflammation in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Aberrant Corneal Homeostasis in Neurosurgery-Induced Neurotrophic Keratopathy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Evaluating Ocular Symptoms and Tear Film Cytokine Profiles in Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Increased proinflammatory cytokines in tears correspond with conjunctival SARS-CoV-2 positivity in symptomatic COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- An Experimental Model of Neuro-Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Defining an Optimal Sample Size for Corneal Epithelial Immune Cell Analysis UsingFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Tear matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels may help to follow a ocular surface injury in lagophthalmic eyes.PloS one · 2022Article
- Activation of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Patients With Infectious Keratitis Using In Vivo Confocal Microscopy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe investigated bilateral tear cytokine levels in patients with unilateral bacterial keratitis (BK) as associated with in vivo confocal microscopic (IVCM) alterations in corneal nerves and dendritiform immune cells (DCs).
methodsA total of 54 (13 BK, 13 contralateral, 28 healthy controls) tear samples was collected prospectively and analyzed by multiplex microbeads assay. The IVCM of the central cornea was performed on the same day, and assessed for corneal nerve and DC alterations.
resultsInterleukin-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly elevated only in affected eyes (66.6 ± 26.8, 7174 ± 2430, and 810 ± 315 ρg/mL, respectively; P = 0.04, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), compared to healthy controls (13.0 ± 4.0, 171.8 ± 32.1, and 56.5 ± 33.8 ρg/mL). Levels of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2), IL-10, and IL-17a were elevated only in contralateral eyes (813 ± 478, 86.7 ± 38.3, and 3350 ± 881 ρg/mL, respectively; P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P = 0.04, respectively), compared to controls (73.7 ± 25.3, 17.5 ± 4.9, and 1350 ± 337 ρg/mL). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 was significantly elevated in affected (551 ± 231 ρg/mL, P = 0.02) and contralateral unaffected (545 ± 298 ρg/mL, P = 0.03) eyes compared to controls (31.3 ± 12.4 ρg/mL). The density of DCs was significantly increased in affected (226.9 ± 37.3 cells/mm(2), P < 0.001) and unaffected (122.3 ± 23.7 cells/mm(2), P < 0.001) eyes compared to controls (22.7 ± 5.9 cells/mm(2)). Sub-basal nerve density significantly decreased in affected (3337 ± 1615 μm/mm(2), P < 0.001) and contralateral (13,230 ± 1635 μm/mm(2), P < 0.001) eyes compared to controls (21,200 ± 545 μm/mm(2)). Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly correlated with DC density (R = 0.40, R = 0.55, and R = 0.31, all P < 0.02) and nerve density (R = -0.30, R = -0.53, and R = -0.39, all P < 0.01).
conclusionsProinflammatory tear cytokines are elevated bilaterally in patients with unilateral BK, and are correlated strongly with alterations in DCs and nerve density as detected by IVCM.
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