ArticleBMC immunology2014
GM-CSF-loaded chitosan hydrogel as an immunoadjuvant enhances antigen-specific immune responses with reduced toxicity.
Article in BMC immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chitosan-Based Nanogels in Modern Drug Delivery: Focus on Protein and Gene Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Chitosan non-particulate vaccine delivery systems.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2024Review
- Chitosan-Based Dressing as a Sustained Delivery System for Bioactive Cytokines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Immunization against Zika by entrapping live virus in a subcutaneous self-adjuvanting hydrogel.Nature biomedical engineering · 2023Article
- Double-Network Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Improved Mechanical, Conductive, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofouling Properties.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Short Review on Advances in Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2022Review
- Fusion Expression and Immune Effect of PCV2 Cap Protein Tandem Multiantigen Epitopes with CD154/GM-CSF.Veterinary sciences · 2021Article
- The Delivery of the Novel Drug 'Halicin' Using Electrospun Fibers for the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer against Pathogenic Bacteria.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Use of syngeneic cells expressing membrane-bound GM-CSF as an adjuvant to induce antibodies against native multi-pass transmembrane protein.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Electrospun Fibers as a Dressing Material for Drug and Biological Agent Delivery in Wound Healing Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Novel application of trimethyl chitosan as an adjuvant in vaccine delivery.International journal of nanomedicine · 2018Review
- In vivo stepwise immunomodulation using chitosan nanoparticles as a platform nanotechnology for cancer immunotherapy.Scientific reports · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe application of vaccine adjuvants has been vigorously studied for a diverse range of diseases in order to improve immune responses and reduce toxicity. However, most adjuvants have limited uses in clinical practice due to their toxicity.
methodsTherefore, to reduce health risks associated with the use of such adjuvants, we developed an advanced non-toxic adjuvant utilizing biodegradable chitosan hydrogel (CH-HG) containing ovalbumin (OVA) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a local antigen delivery system.
resultsAfter subcutaneous injection into mice, OVA/GM-CSF-loaded CH-HG demonstrated improved safety and enhanced OVA-specific antibody production compared to oil-based adjuvants such as Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Moreover, CH-HG system-mediated immune responses was characterized by increased number of OVA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) INF-γ(+) T cells, leading to enhanced humoral and cellular immunity.
conclusionsIn this study, the improved safety and enhanced immune response characteristics of our novel adjuvant system suggest the possibility of the extended use of adjuvants in clinical practice with reduced apprehension about toxic side effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.