ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2014
Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy: a driver of an imbalance between immune tolerance and autoimmunity.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low-dose IL-2 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Rats by Restoring the CD4-positive Helper T-cell Balance Via the JAK/STAT5 Pathway.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory strategies for managing cytokine storms in chronic COVID: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and clinical advances.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- [Targeting Regulatory T Cells to Remodel Peripheral Immune Tolerance: Research Advances and Future Directions].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2025Review
- The role of ubiquitin ligases in regulating immune cell functions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The JAK-STAT pathway: from structural biology to cytokine engineering.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Review
- Low-dose IL-2 Treatment Rescues Cognitive Deficits by Repairing the Imbalance Between Treg and Th17 Cells at the Middle Alzheimer's Disease Stage.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2023Article
- T regulatory cells metabolism: The influence on functional properties and treatment potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A hydrogel platform for co-delivery of immunomodulatory proteins for pancreatic islet allografts.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2022Article
- Regulation of Treg Cell Metabolism and Function in Non-Lymphoid Tissues.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Engineering Strategies for Immunomodulatory Cytokine Therapies - Challenges and Clinical Progress.Advanced therapeutics · 2021Article
- Pulmonary coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities that favor fibrin deposition in the lungs of mouse antibody-mediated transfusion-related acute lung injury.Molecular medicine reports · 2021Article
- LncRNA H19 induces immune dysregulation of BMMSCs, at least partly, by inhibiting IL-2 production.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Article
- Radiolabelling anReaction chemistry & engineering · 2021Article
- Low-dose IL-2 induces CD56Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Article
- Low-dose interleukin-2 alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by recovering intestinal integrity and inhibiting AKT-dependent pathways.Theranostics · 2020Article
- Treg-mediated prolonged survival of skin allografts without immunosuppression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Cytokine Signaling in the Development and Homeostasis of Regulatory T cells.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2018Review
- Simulation of Stimulation: Cytokine Dosage and Cell Cycle Crosstalk Driving Timing-Dependent T Cell Differentiation.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Article
- Effects of exosome on the activation of CD4+ T cells in rhesus macaques: a potential application for HIV latency reactivation.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For many years, the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in autoimmune responses was established as a cytokine possessing strong pro-inflammatory activity. Studies of the past few years have changed our knowledge on IL-2 in autoimmune chronic inflammation, suggesting its protective role, when administered at low-doses. The disrupted balance between regulatory and effector T cells (Tregs and Teffs, respectively) is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases, and is dependent on homeostatic cytokines, including IL-2. Actually, inherent defects in the IL-2 signaling pathway and/or levels leading to Treg compromised function and numbers as well as Th17 expansion have been attributed to autoimmune disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-2 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In particular, we highlight the impact of the dysregulated IL-2 pathway on disruption of the Treg/Th17 balance, reversal of which appears to be a possible mechanism of the low-dose IL-2 treatment. The negative effects of IL-2 on the differentiation of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and pathogenic Th17 cells, both of which contribute to autoimmunity, is emphasized in the paper as well. We also compare the current IL-2-based therapies of animal and human subjects with immune-mediated diseases aimed at boosting the Treg population, which is the most IL-2-dependent cell subset desirable for sufficient control of autoimmunity. New perspectives of therapeutic approaches focused on selective delivery of IL-2 to inflamed tissues, thus allowing local activity of IL-2 to be combined with its reduced systemic and pleiotropic toxicity, are also proposed in this paper.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.