ArticleClinical pharmacokinetics2015
Population pharmacokinetic model of THC integrates oral, intravenous, and pulmonary dosing and characterizes short- and long-term pharmacokinetics.
Article in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Food effects on the formulation, dosing, and administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans: A systematic review of clinical studies.Pharmacotherapy · 2021Pooled it
- Gaps in predicting clinical doses for cannabinoids therapy: Overview of issues for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modelling.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Pooled it
- The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Trial
- The psychoactive cannabinoid THC inhibits peripheral nociceptors by targeting NaNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Medicinal Plants for Major Depressive Disorder.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Population pharmacokinetic modelling revealed large variability in oromucosal absorption of ΔBritish journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Cannabis Per Se Laws: A Semi-Mechanistic Pharmacometrics Model for Quantitative Characterization of THC and Metabolites in Oral Users.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- An Overview of the Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Drugs and Cannabis Products in Humans.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Cannabinoid Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Reality.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- ΔForensic toxicology · 2023Article
- Measuring the diversity gap of cannabis clinical trial participants compared to people who report using cannabis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Sperm capacitation and transcripts levels are altered by in vitro THC exposure.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2023Article
- Objective Identification of Cannabis Use Levels in Clinical Populations Is Critical for Detecting Pharmacological Outcomes.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2022Article
- Review
- A ΔEuropean journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2020Article
- Population pharmacokinetic modeling of plasma Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and an active and inactive metabolite following controlled smoked cannabis administration.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Article
- A Multiple Correspondence Analysis of Patterns of CBD Use in Hemp and Marijuana Users.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Intravenously and Orally Administered Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Volunteers.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2019Article
- A marijuana-drug interaction primer: Precipitants, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2019Review
- Effects in rats of adolescent exposure to cannabis smoke or THC on emotional behavior and cognitive function in adulthood.Psychopharmacology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannobinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of Cannabis, is known to have a long terminal half-life. However, this characteristic is often ignored in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of THC, which may affect the accuracy of predictions in different pharmacologic areas. For therapeutic use for example, it is important to accurately describe the terminal phase of THC to describe accumulation of the drug. In early clinical research, the THC challenge test can be optimized through more accurate predictions of the dosing sequence and the wash-out between occasions in a crossover setting, which is mainly determined by the terminal half-life of the compound. The purpose of this study is to better quantify the long-term pharmacokinetics of THC. A population-based PK model for THC was developed describing the profile up to 48 h after an oral, intravenous, and pulmonary dose of THC in humans. In contrast to earlier models, the current model integrates all three major administration routes and covers the long terminal phase of THC. Results show that THC has a fast initial and intermediate half-life, while the apparent terminal half-life is long (21.5 h), with a clearance of 38.8 L/h. Because the current model characterizes the long-term pharmacokinetics, it can be used to assess the accumulation of THC in a multiple-dose setting and to forecast concentration profiles of the drug under many different dosing regimens or administration routes. Additionally, this model could provide helpful insights into the THC challenge test used for the development of (novel) compounds targeting the cannabinoid system for different therapeutic applications and could improve decision making in future clinical trials.
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