ArticleExperimental animals2015
Vital signs monitoring during injectable and inhalant anesthesia in mice.
Article in Experimental animals, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Corticosterone-linked microglial activity underpins sexually dimorphic neuroplasticity after ketamine anesthesia.Science advances · 2026Article
- Gastrodin mitigates cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity in Swiss albino mice by restoring redox homeostasis and modulating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Axis.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Resting-state electroretinography reveals pathological retinal oscillations in retinitis pigmentosa mice and patients.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Non-contact alcohol detection in mice using an imaging photoplethysmography (IPPG) system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Retinal OCT Parameters and Physiological Dynamics as an Effect of Anesthesia in C57BL/6J Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Article
- General anesthesia and depth of anesthesia (DoA) evaluation methods in laboratory animals: a comprehensive review.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Spontaneous CaExperimental physiology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal resting-state fMRI of awake mice during habituation: stress, head motion, and functional connectivity.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of anesthetic protocols in spontaneously hypertensive rats with sepsis-induced hemodynamic instability.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- The inner ear is a barometric pressure sensor-change in barometric pressure induces vestibular ganglion cell activation in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inter-session repeatability of electroretinography and visual evoked potentials of the Celeris system.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Xylazine exacerbates fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and bradycardia.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on acute myocardial infarction model establishment in mice.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Combined medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol anesthesia in mice has a central stress-relieving effect similar to that of isoflurane anesthesia.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2025Article
- Physio-fUS: a tissue-motion based method for heart and breathing rate assessment in neurofunctional ultrasound imaging.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Existence of multiple transitions of the critical state due to anesthetics.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Synergistic effect between citalopram and muscimol upon induction of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in male mice: An isobologram analysis.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2024Article
- Validation of the anesthetic effect of a mixture of remimazolam, medetomidine, and butorphanol in three mouse strains.Experimental animals · 2024Article
- Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Selecting the appropriate anesthetic protocol for the individual animal is an essential part of laboratory animal experimentation. The present study compared the characteristics of four anesthetic protocols in mice, focusing on the vital signs. Thirty-two male ddY mice were divided into four groups and administered anesthesia as follows: pentobarbital sodium monoanaesthesia; ketamine and xylazine combined (K/X); medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combined (M/M/B); and isoflurane. In each group, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and O2 saturation (SPO2) were measured, and the changes over time and instability in these signs were compared. The anesthetic depth was also evaluated in each mouse, and the percentage of mice achieving surgical anesthesia was calculated. K/X anesthesia caused remarkable bradycardia, while the respiratory rate and SPO2 were higher than with the others, suggesting a relatively strong cardiac influence and less respiratory depression. The M/M/B group showed a relatively lower heart rate and SPO2, but these abnormalities were rapidly reversed by atipamezole administration. The pentobarbital group showed a lower SPO2, and 62.5% of mice did not reach a surgical anesthetic depth. The isoflurane group showed a marked decrease in respiratory rate compared with the injectable anesthetic groups. However, it had the most stable SPO2 among the groups, suggesting a higher tidal volume. The isoflurane group also showed the highest heart rate during anesthesia. In conclusion, the present study showed the cardiorespiratory characteristics of various anesthetic protocols, providing basic information for selecting an appropriate anesthetic for individual animals during experimentation.
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