ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2015
Codevelopment of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The relation between reading and externalizing behavior: a correlational meta-analysis.Annals of dyslexia · 2024Pooled it
- Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and offspring externalizing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Anesthetic Exposure During Childhood and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of iron supplementation of low-birth-weight infants on cognition and behavior at 7 years: a randomized controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2018Trial
- Are School-Aged Children Who Self-Identify as Neurodivergent at Greater Risk of Substance Misuse? A Study of 20 000 Secondary School Students.Child: care, health and development · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Common cause versus dynamic mutualism: Insights into ADHD's common comorbidities.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Internet addiction, ADHD, and adolescent mental health: a 1-year longitudinal study of risk and moderation.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Age-Specific ADHD and Internalizing/Externalizing Comorbidity in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Multi-Site Study.Cancers · 2026Article
- Irritability in autism examined through network analysis of phenotypic and physiological correlates.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The longitudinal effects of neonatal anthropometry on attention problems in males and females.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Twelve-month prevalence of DSM-5 mental disorders and the psychosocial correlates- a child and adolescent psychiatric epidemiologic survey in Hong Kong SAR.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Predictors of health-related quality of life for children with neurodevelopmental conditions.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The High Rates of Comorbidity among Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Distinct Diagnostic Categories.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Associations between blood leukocyte DNA methylation and sustained attention in mid-to-late childhood.Epigenomics · 2023Article
- Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Pragmatic language and associations with externalizing behaviors in autistic individuals and those who have lost the autism diagnosis.Research in autism spectrum disorders · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with externalizing disorders, but a clear understanding of the etiologic underpinnings is hampered by the limited understanding of the codevelopment of the traits from childhood into early adulthood.
methodsUsing a birth cohort of 2600 twins, the Swedish Twin study of Child and Adolescent Development study, assessed at ages 8-9, 13-14, 16-17, and 19-20, we investigated the codevelopment of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood. The analyses examined ADHD-like and externalizing traits, as rated by twins and their parents using the Attention Problems scale and Externalizing scale of the Child Behavior Checklist, and estimated cross-lagged effects (one trait at one time-point predicting the other at the next). The covariation between the traits were decomposed into stable (effects carried over from the prior time-points) and innovative (new effects for each time-point) sources; each source was further decomposed into additive genetics, shared and nonshared environment.
resultsThe analysis suggested that externalizing traits in middle childhood (age 8-9) predicted ADHD-like traits in early adolescence (age 13-14), whereas the reverse association was nonsignificant. In contrast, ADHD-like traits in lateadolescence (age 16-17) predicted externalizing traits in early adulthood (age 19-20). The correlation between ADHD-like and externalizing traits increased over time. At all time-points, innovative sources contributed substantially to maintained comorbidity. Genetic effects explained 67% of the covariation at each time-point; importantly, nearly 50% of these effects were innovative.
conclusionsThis study challenges the belief that ADHD generally precedes externalizing behaviors; rather, change in the etiologic factors across the development is the rule. The effects were due to both new genetic and environmental factors emerging up to young adulthood. Clinicians and researchers needs to consider complex etiologic and developmental models for the comorbidity between ADHD and externalizing behaviors.
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Registered trials
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