ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2014
Re-evaluating cost effectiveness of universal meningitis vaccination (Bexsero) in England: modelling study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review to identify research gaps in studies modeling MenB vaccinations against Neisseria infections.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Methods Used by Pediatric Cost-Utility Analyses to Include Family Spillover Effects.PharmacoEconomics · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Methods of assessing value for money of UK-based early childhood public health interventions: a systematic literature review.British medical bulletin · 2023Pooled it
- Range of invasive meningococcal disease sequelae and health economic application - a systematic and clinical review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Costs of Invasive Meningococcal Disease: A Global Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2018Pooled it
- Economic evaluation of pediatric influenza immunization program compared with other pediatric immunization programs: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Revising the Adolescent Meningococcal Vaccine Schedule in the United States.PharmacoEconomics · 2026Article
- Modeling the Public Health Impact of Introducing 4CMenB Vaccination for Infants in the Brazilian National Immunization Program.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Public Health Impact of Introducing a Pentavalent Vaccine Against Invasive Meningococcal Disease in the United States.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of 4CMenB Vaccination Against Gonorrhea: Importance of Dosing Schedule, Vaccine Sentiment, Targeting Strategy, and Duration of Protection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Comparison of 13-, 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the paediatric Canadian population: A cost-utility analysis.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2025Article
- A systematised review and evidence synthesis on the broader societal impact of vaccines against Salmonella.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- On spillovers in economic evaluations: definition, mapping review and research agenda.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Review
- Lifecycle model-based evaluation of infant 4CMenB vaccination in the UK.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Article
- Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 4-Component Meningococcal Serotype B Vaccination for Infants in France.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2024Article
- Modelling Informal Carers' Health-Related Quality of Life: Challenges for Economic Evaluation.Applied health economics and health policy · 2024Review
- Modelling the impact of COVID-19 and routine MenACWY vaccination on meningococcal carriage and disease in the UK.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Rule of Prevention: a potential framework to evaluate preventive interventions for rare diseases.Journal of market access & health policy · 2023Article
- Preventing invasive meningococcal disease in early infancy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo use mathematical and economic models to predict the epidemiological and economic impact of vaccination with Bexsero, designed to protect against group B meningococcal disease, to help inform vaccine policy in the United Kingdom.
designModelling study.
settingEngland. POPULATION: People aged 0-99.
interventionsIncremental impact of introductory vaccine strategies simulated with a transmission dynamic model of meningococcal infection and vaccination including potential herd effects. Model parameters included recent evidence on the vaccine characteristics, disease burden, costs of care, litigation costs, and loss of quality of life from disease, including impacts on family and network members. The health impact of vaccination was assessed through cases averted and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained.
main outcome measuresCases averted and cost per QALY gained through vaccination; programmes were deemed cost effective against a willingness to pay of £20,000 (€25,420, $32,677) per QALY gained from an NHS and personal and social services perspective.
resultsIn the short term, case reduction is greatest with routine infant immunisation (26.3% of cases averted in the first five years). This strategy could be cost effective at £3 (€3.8, $4.9) a vaccine dose, given several favourable assumptions and the use of a quality of life adjustment factor. If the vaccine can disrupt meningococcal transmission more cases are prevented in the long term with an infant and adolescent combined programme (51.8% after 30 years), which could be cost effective at £4 a vaccine dose. Assuming the vaccine reduces acquisition by 30%, adolescent vaccination alone is the most favourable strategy economically, but takes more than 20 years to substantially reduce the number of cases.
conclusionsRoutine infant vaccination is the most effective short term strategy and could be cost effective with a low vaccine price. Critically, if the vaccine reduces carriage acquisition in teenagers, the combination of infant and adolescent vaccination could result in substantial long term reductions in cases and be cost effective with competitive vaccine pricing.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.