ReviewDrugs2014
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: what does the future hold?
Review in Drugs, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of ensifentrine in treatment of COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseasePooled it
- Epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: Targets for lung repair.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- PDE4 Inhibitors and their Potential Combinations for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review.The open respiratory medicine journal · 2024Review
- Roflumilast ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats through down-regulation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2023Article
- cAMP-PDE signaling in COPD: Review of cellular, molecular and clinical features.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2023Review
- Novel Anti-Inflammatory Approaches to COPD.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2023Review
- The future of inhalation therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2022Review
- Neuroprotective effects of roflumilast against quinolinic acid-induced rat model of Huntington's disease through inhibition of NF-κB mediated neuroinflammatory markers and activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.Inflammopharmacology · 2021Article
- Inhaled Dual Phosphodiesterase 3/4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Patients with COPD: A Short Review.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2021Review
- Inhaled Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) Inhibitors for Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- The future of bronchodilation: looking for new classes of bronchodilators.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2019Review
- Roflumilast restores cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling axis for FtMt-mediated tumor inhibition of ovarian cancer.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Roflumilast and aquaporin-2 regulation in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct.Physiological reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors have broad anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the airway inflammation associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially by reducing airway neutrophils that are key cells in COPD. A careful evaluation of the results of several meta-analyses allows us to consider the use of PDE4 inhibitors as very important in those patients with COPD who are particularly susceptible to exacerbations, the so-called 'frequent exacerbators'. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors should be used earlier and more frequently than is the case today, but they are prescribed sporadically because of side effects. Several strategies are conceivable to avoid side effects, but, unfortunately, many of these approaches are yet to be successfully translated into clinical effectiveness after several decades of research. A novel alternative approach is to administer multiple drugs simultaneously or drugs capable of two distinct primary pharmacological actions based on distinct pharmacophores (bifunctional drugs) in order to produce additive or synergistic effects and, consequently, to dispense these drugs at lower doses, inducing fewer side effects. The fact that we have realized that there is a need to target simultaneously more PDEs unquestionably represents an advance in the possible use of PDE inhibitors. Actually, the possibility that multivalent (multifunctional) ligands, which feature two or more pharmacophores, may deliver superior efficacy is an approach that is being explored. Recognizing the role of specific targeted therapy aimed at subcellular domains has changed our understanding of the use of PDE inhibitors, and offers an opportunity to improve both the therapeutic tolerability and efficacy of these drugs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.