ReviewTobacco control2015
The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking.
Review in Tobacco control, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 277 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
277 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of secondhand smoke on air quality in partially enclosed outdoor hospitality venues: a review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Association between Smokeless Tobacco Use and Waterpipe Smoking and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Epidemiological Evidence.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Pooled it
- Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards waterpipe tobacco smoking amongst college or university students: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Price elasticity of demand of non-cigarette tobacco products: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Tobacco control · 2018Pooled it
- Waterpipe Size Matters: The Effect of Waterpipe Size on Toxicant Exposures and Subjective Experiences.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Trial
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Theory-Informed School-Based Intervention to Prevent Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Changes in Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviors in 6th and 7th Graders in Lebanon.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Article
- Waterpipe Smoking Among Japanese Teens and Young Adults: an Emerging Public Health Concern.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Prevalence, patterns, and sociodemographic determinants of cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Syrian adults: evidence from a large blood donor cohort.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Indoor Air Pollutants of PM2.5, Carbon Monoxide, Nicotine, and Carcinogens in Waterpipe Bars.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The Role of Risk Communication in Predicting Intention to Quit Hookah Smoking.Addiction & health · 2026Article
- DNA methyltransferases expressions in mice tongue exposed to waterpipe smoke.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2026Article
- Unmasking the appeal: voices of young adults prior to World No Tobacco Day at Qatar University.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The impact of group cognitive behavioral therapy on stress and psychological adjustment among cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah smokers.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- Effects of narghile use on oral health: a comparative cross-sectional study.Brazilian dental journal · 2026Article
- Waterpipe and Co-Use of Inhaled Nicotine and Tobacco Products: Findings from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Household Survey in Germany.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
217 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIn the past decade, waterpipe smoking (a.k.a. hookah, shisha, narghile) has become a global phenomenon. In this review, we provide an updated picture of the main epidemiological trends in waterpipe smoking globally. DATA SOURCES: Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major biomedical databases between 2004 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, hookah, shisha along with epidemiology, patterns, prevalence and predictors. We also used different spellings of waterpipe terms commonly used. STUDY SELECTION: The focus was on studies with large representative samples, national data or high-quality reports that illuminated aspects of the epidemiology and trends in waterpipe smoking. DATA EXTRACTION: Multiple researchers extracted the data independently and collectively decided on the most important and pertinent studies to include in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Waterpipe smoking has become a global phenomenon among youth. The global waterpipe epidemic is likely driven by (1) the introduction of manufactured flavoured tobacco (Maassel); (2) the intersection between waterpipe's social dimension and thriving café culture; (3) the evolution of mass communication media; (4) the lack of regulatory/policy framework specific to the waterpipe. Waterpipe smoking is becoming the most popular tobacco use method among youth in the Middle East, and is quickly gaining popularity elsewhere. Important patterns of waterpipe smoking include the predominance among younger, male, high socioeconomic, and urban groups. Intermittent and social use are also noted patterns.
conclusionsWaterpipe smoking has become a global public health problem. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to the waterpipe has become a public health priority.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.