ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2015
Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03407157 (Oral Probiotic Supplementation in Pregnancy to Reduce Group B Streptococcus Colonization), which is not on this map. Cited by 214 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Oral Probiotic Supplementation in Pregnancy to Reduce Group B Streptococcus Colonization
Who cites it
214 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 497 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors in the First 1000 Days of Life Associated With Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Risk Factor Quality Assessment.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Early and frequent exposure to antibiotics in children and the risk of obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.F1000Research · 2020Pooled it
- The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review.BMC gastroenterology · 2016Pooled it
- Estimating the effect of cesarean delivery on long-term childhood health across two countries.PloS one · 2022Trial
- A synbiotic intervention modulates meta-omics signatures of gut redox potential and acidity in elective caesarean born infants.BMC microbiology · 2021Trial
- Potential roles of Helicobacter pylori treatment, body mass index and waist circumference in the causation of erosive esophagitis: a randomized clinical trial (HEROES-GERD).International journal of obesity (2005) · 2020Trial
- Probiotic supplementation restores normal microbiota composition and function in antibiotic-treated and in caesarean-born infants.Microbiome · 2018Trial
- Sex modulates the long-term effects of delivery mode on microbiota-gut barrier crosstalk and colitis susceptibility in mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Antibiotic stewardship in the context of management of early onset neonatal sepsis-an evolving paradigm shift.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Cesarean section-induced changes in the gut microbiota facilitate metabolic disease in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Exposure to Systemic Antimicrobials During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage: A Population-Based Registry Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Maternal factors associate with microbiota-derived extracellular vesicle profiles in pregnancy: a clinical cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- The Role of Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Weight Management: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Early-Life β-Lactam Exposure and the Developing Microbiome: Clinical Relevance and Controversies.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Beyond breastfeeding: a One Health Decalogue for nurturing the infant microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Co-trimoxazole-induced reproductive toxicity and placental-barrier disruption: impact on cell-cell junctions and ERK signaling pathway.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Cesarean section and socioeconomic status are associated with Bifidobacterium abundance and intestinal physiology: observations from a cross-sectional study in formula-fed infants.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- A Cohort Study on Clinical Features and Microbiological Profile in Neonatal Sepsis in Southwest of Iran.Health science reports · 2025Article
154 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesCesarean section (CS) and antibiotic use during pregnancy may alter normal maternal-offspring microbiota exchange, thereby contributing to aberrant microbial colonization of the infant gut and increased susceptibility to obesity later in life. We hypothesized that (i) maternal use of antibiotics in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and (ii) CS are independently associated with higher risk of childhood obesity in the offspring. SUBJECTS/
methodsOf the 727 mothers enrolled in the Northern Manhattan Mothers and Children Study, we analyzed the 436 mother-child dyads followed until 7 years of age with complete data. We ascertained prenatal antibiotic use by a questionnaire administered late in the third trimester, and delivery mode by medical record. We derived age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z-scores using the CDC SAS Macro, and defined obesity as BMI z⩾95th percentile. We used binary regression with robust variance and linear regression models adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, pre-gravid BMI, maternal receipt of public assistance, birth weight, sex, breastfeeding in the first year and gestational antibiotics or delivery mode.
resultsCompared with children not exposed to antibiotics during the second or third trimester, those exposed had 84% (33-154%) higher risk of obesity, after multivariable adjustment. Second or third trimester antibiotic exposure was also positively associated with BMI z-scores, waist circumference and % body fat (all P<0.05). Independent of prenatal antibiotic usage, CS was associated with 46% (8-98%) higher offspring risk of childhood obesity. Associations were similar for elective and non-elective CS.
conclusionsIn our cohort, CS and exposure to antibiotics in the second or third trimester were associated with higher offspring risk of childhood obesity. Future studies that address the limitations of our study are warranted to determine if prenatal antibiotic use is associated with offspring obesity. Research is also needed to determine if alterations in neonatal gut microbiota underlie the observed associations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.