SynthesisPloS one2014
Maternal parity and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: a dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of evidence on reported non-genetic risk factors of congenital heart defects: the updated umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Pooled it
- Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors of Congenital Anomalies: an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Journal of Korean medical science · 2021Pooled it
- Environmental Risk Factors and Congenital Heart Disease: An Umbrella Review of 165 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses With More Than 120 Million Participants.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Magnitude, pattern, birth outcome, and determinants of congenital anomalies among newborns in Ethiopia.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Parity-Associated Differences in the Antioxidants and Fecal Microbiota of Bactrian Camels.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Initiation and duration of folic acid supplementation in preventing congenital malformations.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia subtypes: Comparing birth prevalence, occurrence by maternal age, and mortality in a national birth cohort.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2023Article
- Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, early pregnancy behaviours, and livebirth outcomes as congenital heart defects risk factors - Northern Ireland 2010-2014.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Pattern of congenital heart disease among Egyptian children: a 3-year retrospective study.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2021Article
- Risk factors for transposition of the great arteries in Saudi population.Saudi medical journal · 2020Article
- Correlation between rs198388 and rs198389 polymorphismsin brainnatriuretic peptide (NPPB) gene and susceptibility to congenital heart diseases in a Chinese population.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiological studies have reported conflicting results regarding maternal parity and the risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). However, a meta-analysis of the association between maternal parity and CHDs in offspring has not been conducted.
methodsWe searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles catalogued between their inception and March 8, 2014; we identified relevant published studies that assessed the association between maternal parity and CHD risk. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility of the retrieved articles and extracted data from them. Study-specific relative risk estimates were pooled by random-effects or fixed-effects models. From the 11272 references, a total of 16 case-control studies and 3 cohort studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis.
resultsThe overall relative risk of CHD in parous versus nulliparous women was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.97-1.06; Q = 32.34; P = 0.006; I2 = 53.6%). Furthermore, we observed a significant association between the highest versus lowest parity number, with an overall RR = 1.20 (95% CI, 1.10-1.31; (Q = 74.61, P<0.001, I2 = 82.6%). A dose-response analysis also indicated a positive effect of maternal parity on CHD risk, and the overall increase in relative risk per one live birth was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02-1.09); Q = 68.09; P<0.001; I2 = 80.9%). We conducted stratified and meta-regression analyses to identify the origin of the heterogeneity among studies. A Galbraith plot was created to graphically assess the sources of heterogeneity.
conclusionIn summary, this meta-analysis provided a robust estimate of the positive association between maternal parity and risk of CHD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.