Trial reportPloS one2014
Effect of time of day on performance, hormonal and metabolic response during a 1000-M cycling time trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of circadian rhythm on anaerobic performance and blood lactate level: a systematic review.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2023Pooled it
- Dose-response effects of caffeine during repeated cycling sprints in normobaric hypoxia to exhaustion.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists.PloS one · 2018Trial
- The effect of timing of physical exercise on glycemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Time-of-day effects on blood lactate levels following the Wingate anaerobic test in trained women athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Effects of inspiratory muscle training combined with circadian rhythm-based running programs in male children football players.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Time-of-day effects on post-exercise phosphoproteomic profiling in mouse hippocampus.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Factors Influencing Blood Lactate Concentration During Exercise: A Narrative Review With a Lactate Shuttle Perspective.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2025Review
- Comparative effectiveness of morning and evening aerobic exercise on weight loss and physical fitness in Chinese college students with overweight and obesity.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- The effect of time of day on anaerobic performance and blood lactate response in trained men: assessment in relation to chronotype.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Maximizing performance in child footballers: chronotype and time of day study.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Stride-to-Stride Fluctuations of Human Gait Are Affected By Chronobiology: An Exploratory Study.Advanced biology · 2023Article
- Pacing Variation in Multistage Ultramarathons: Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Daily running enhances molecular and physiological circadian rhythms in skeletal muscle.Molecular metabolism · 2022Article
- Higher evening metabolic responses contribute to diurnal variation of self-paced cycling performance.Biology of sport · 2022Article
- Clock proteins and training modify exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- The importance of 24-h metabolism in obesity-related metabolic disorders: opportunities for timed interventions.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time of day on performance, pacing, and hormonal and metabolic responses during a 1000-m cycling time-trial. Nine male, recreational cyclists visited the laboratory four times. During the 1st visit the participants performed an incremental test and during the 2nd visit they performed a 1000-m cycling familiarization trial. On the 3rd and 4th visits, the participants performed a 1000-m TT at either 8 am or 6 pm, in randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design. The time to complete the time trial was lower in the evening than in the morning (88.2±8.7 versus 94.7±10.9 s, respectively, p<0.05), but there was no significant different in pacing. However, oxygen uptake and aerobic mechanical power output at 600 and 1000 m tended to be higher in the evening (p<0.07 and 0.09, respectively). There was also a main effect of time of day for insulin, cortisol, and total and free testosterone concentration, which were all higher in the morning (+60%, +26%, +31% and +22%, respectively, p<0.05). The growth hormone, was twofold higher in the evening (p<0.05). The plasma glucose was ∼11% lower in the morning (p<0.05). Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine and lactate were similar for the morning and evening trials (p>0.05), but the norepinephrine response to the exercise was increased in the morning (+46%, p<0.05), and it was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the response of glucose. Muscle recruitment, as measured by electromyography, was similar between morning and evening trials (p>0.05). Our findings suggest that performance was improved in the evening, and it was accompanied by an improved hormonal and metabolic milieu.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.