ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Simultaneous exposure to Escherichia coli heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins increases fluid secretion and alters cyclic nucleotide and cytokine production by intestinal epithelial cells.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health effects of street vended fresh cut fruits: A randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Refinement of the CS6-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain B7A human challenge model: A randomized trial.PloS one · 2020Trial
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-blood group A interactions intensify diarrheal severity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Attenuating ETEC virulence using a heat-labile enterotoxin-blocking binding protein.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- BEST4⁺ cells: a potential hub of intestinal ion transport and diarrhea manipulation.Advanced biotechnology · 2026Review
- Research progress on multivalent genetically engineered vaccines against enterotoxigenicFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- An Asset for Food Safety: The Knowledge Behind the Physiological Alterations Induced by ETEC Enterotoxins.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Genome Sequencing and Assembly of EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Lactoferrin impairs pathogen virulence through its proteolytic activity.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- Impacts of F18Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Article
- Article
- EnterotoxigenicInfection and immunity · 2022Article
- Vaccine Candidate Double Mutant Variants of EnterotoxigenicVaccines · 2022Article
- Feasibility of avian antibodies as prophylaxis against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Vaccines for Protecting Infants from Bacterial Causes of Diarrheal Disease.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Molecular mechanism of Escherichia coli H10407 induced diarrhoea and its control through immunomodulatory action of bioactives from Simarouba amara (Aubl.).Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Article
- Elevated Extracellular cGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal Immunity.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant cause of diarrheal disease and death, especially in children in developing countries. ETEC causes disease by colonizing the small intestine and producing heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), or both LT and ST (LT+ST). The majority of ETEC strains produce both ST and LT. Despite the prevalence of LT+ST-producing organisms, few studies have examined the physiologic or immunologic consequences of simultaneous exposure to these two potent enterotoxins. In the current report, we demonstrate that when LT and ST are both present, they increase water movement into the intestinal lumen over and above the levels observed with either toxin alone. As expected, cultured intestinal epithelial cells increased their expression of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) when treated with ST and their expression of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) when treated with LT. When both toxins were present, cGMP levels but not cAMP levels were synergistically elevated compared with the levels of expression caused by the corresponding single-toxin treatment. Our data also demonstrate that the levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by intestinal epithelial cells in response to LT are significantly reduced in animals exposed to both enterotoxins. These findings suggest that there may be complex differences between the epithelial cell intoxication and, potentially, secretory outcomes induced by ETEC strains expressing LT+ST compared with strains that express LT or ST only. Our results also reveal a novel mechanism wherein ST production may reduce the hosts' ability to mount an effective innate or adaptive immune response to infecting organisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.