ArticleDrug design, development and therapy2014
Interferon-γ and celecoxib inhibit lung-tumor growth through modulating M2/M1 macrophage ratio in the tumor microenvironment.
Article in Drug design, development and therapy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cutting edges and therapeutic opportunities on tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Prognostic impact of tumor-associated macrophage infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer: A systemic review and meta-analysis.Oncotarget · 2016Pooled it
- Therapeutic repurposing of old drugs to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy efficacy.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- The controversial role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in cancer therapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Soft matrix promotes immunosuppression in tumor-resident immune cells via COX-FGF2 signaling.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Dynamic changes in macrophage morphology during the progression of choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse model.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Regulatory cells and the effect of cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
- Review
- Macrophages Are a Double-Edged Sword: Molecular Crosstalk between Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Cancer Stem Cells.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Integration of local and systemic immunity in ovarian cancer: Implications for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Biological implications and clinical potential of invasion and migration related miRNAs in glioma.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2022Review
- New Angiogenic Regulators Produced by TAMs: Perspective for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis.Cancers · 2021Review
- The M1/M2 spectrum and plasticity of malignant pleural effusion-macrophage in advanced lung cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Article
- A narrative review of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: regulation of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications.Translational lung cancer research · 2021Review
- lncRNA-Xist/miR-101-3p/KLF6/C/EBPα axis promotes TAM polarization to regulate cancer cell proliferation and migration.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2021Article
- Tumor Mutation Burden Predicts Relapse in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Changes in Genes and Immune Microenvironment.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Increased IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages in alveolar lavage fluid of patients with small cell lung cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2020Observational
- Exploring the Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiota and Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Molecular Aspects and Future Perspectives of Cytokine-Based Anti-cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer: Function and Therapeutic Strategy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages play an important role in tumor growth and progression. These macrophages are heterogeneous with diverse functions, eg, M1 macrophages inhibit tumor growth, whereas M2 macrophages promote tumor growth. In this study, we found that IFNγ and/or celecoxib (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) treatment consistently inhibited tumor growth in a mouse lung cancer model. IFNγ alone and celecoxib alone increased the percentage of M1 macrophages but decreased the percentage of M2 macrophages in the tumors, and thus the M2/M1 macrophage ratio was reduced to 1.1 and 1.7 by IFNγ alone and celecoxib alone, respectively, compared to the M2/M1 macrophage ratio of 4.4 in the control group. A combination of IFNγ and celecoxib treatment reduced the M2/M1 macrophage ratio to 0.8. Furthermore, IFNγ and/or celecoxib treatment decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and VEGF, as well as the density of microvessels in the tumors, compared to the control group. This study provides the proof of principle that IFNγ and/or celecoxib treatment may inhibit lung-tumor growth through modulating the M2/M1 macrophage ratio in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting that IFNγ and celecoxib have potential to be further optimized into a new anticancer therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.