ArticleImmunology2014
Human Th1 dichotomy: origin, phenotype and biologic activities.
Article in Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Helminth coinfections mitigate clinical, parasitological, and immune outcomes in Mozambican children with malaria.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Inflammation in Asthma: Mechanistic Insights and the Role of Biologics in Therapeutic Frontiers.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Chikungunya virus-specific CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
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- Berberine: A natural modulator of immune cells in multiple sclerosis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Review
- Characteristics of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp inflammation and the potential for their control.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2024Review
- Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- From the Skin to Distant Sites: T Cells in Psoriatic Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Time-dependent cytokines changes in ultra-rush wasp venom immunotherapy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Polymorphisms in Lymphotoxin-Alpha as the "Missing Link" in Prognosticating Favourable Response to Omega-3 Supplementation for Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Reduced numbers of regulatory T cells in chronic heart failure seems not to be restored by cardiac resynchronization therapy.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Immunopathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis: Focus on Interleukins as Disease Drivers and Therapeutic Targets for Novel Treatments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Immune-mediated cholangiopathies in children: the need to better understand the pathophysiology for finding the future possible treatment targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Long-Term Effects of Alemtuzumab on CD4+ Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A 72-Month Follow-Up.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Astrocytes and Inflammatory T Helper Cells: A Dangerous Liaison in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Tradeoffs in milk immunity affect infant infectious disease risk.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2022Article
- Corticosteroid insensitivity persists in the absence of STAT1 signaling in severe allergic airway inflammation.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The great variety of pathogens present in the environment has obliged the immune system to evolve different mechanisms for tailored and maximally protective responses. Initially, two major types of CD4+ T helper (Th) effector cells were identified, and named as type 1 (Th1) and type (Th2) cells because of the different cytokines they produce. More recently, a third type of CD4+ Th effectors has been identified and named as Th17 cells. Th17 cells, however, have been found to exhibit high plasticity because they rapidly shift into the Th1 phenotype in the inflammatory sites. Therefore, in these sites usually there is a dichotomic mixture of classic and non classic (Th17-derived) Th1 cells. In humans, non classic Th1 cells express CD161, as well as the retinoic acid orphan receptor C, IL-17 receptor E, IL-1RI, CCR6, and IL-4-induced gene 1 and Tob-1, which are all virtually absent from classic Th1 cells. The possibility to distinguish these two cell subsets may allow the opportunity to better establish their respective pathogenic role in different chronic inflammatory disorders. In this review, we discuss the different origin, the distinctive phenotypic features and the major biologic activities of classic and non classic Th1 cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.