Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25275450›Full record

ArticlePloS one2014

Phylogenetic distribution of extant richness suggests metamorphosis is a key innovation driving diversification in insects.

James L Rainford, Michael Hofreiter, David B Nicholson, Peter J Mayhew

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Evolution of compound eye cell types shapes visual behaviors acrossbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
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  7. No evidence that haplodiploidy favors the evolution of eusociality.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
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  13. Robust resolved phylogeny of hexapods' four classes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Revisiting the four Hexapoda classes: Protura as the sister group to all other hexapods.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
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9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

James L RainfordDepartment of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
Michael HofreiterDepartment of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
David B NicholsonDepartment of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Peter J MayhewDepartment of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insects and their six-legged relatives (Hexapoda) comprise more than half of all described species and dominate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating this richness requires a historical perspective, but the fossil record of hexapods is patchy and incomplete. Dated molecular phylogenies provide an alternative perspective on divergence times and have been combined with birth-death models to infer patterns of diversification across a range of taxonomic groups. Here we generate a dated phylogeny of hexapod families, based on previously published sequence data and literature derived constraints, in order to identify the broad pattern of macroevolutionary changes responsible for the composition of the extant hexapod fauna. The most prominent increase in diversification identified is associated with the origin of complete metamorphosis, confirming this as a key innovation in promoting insect diversity. Subsequent reductions are recovered for several groups previously identified as having a higher fossil diversity during the Mesozoic. In addition, a number of recently derived taxa are found to have radiated following the development of flowering plant (angiosperm) floras during the mid-Cretaceous. These results reveal that the composition of the modern hexapod fauna is a product of a key developmental innovation, combined with multiple and varied evolutionary responses to environmental changes from the mid Cretaceous floral transition onward.

Indexed as

BiodiversityExtinction, BiologicalMetamorphosis, BiologicalPhylogenyAnimalsInsectaLikelihood FunctionsModels, BiologicalSpecies SpecificityTime Factors

Identifiers

PMID25275450
PMCPMC4183542

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.