ArticleCurrent eye research2015
Effects of L-carnitine, erythritol and betaine on pro-inflammatory markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress.
Article in Current eye research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and Efficacy of a Preservative-Free Artificial Tear Containing Carboxymethylcellulose and Hyaluronic Acid for Dry Eye Disease: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter 3-Month Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Trial
- Osmoprotectants, carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronic acid multi-ingredient eye drop: a randomised controlled trial in moderate to severe dry eye.Eye (London, England) · 2017Trial
- In Vivo and Impression Cytology Study on the Effect of Compatible Solutes Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface Epithelial Cell Quality in Dry Eye Patients.Mediators of inflammation · 2015Trial
- Oxidative Stress in Dry Eye Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Altered Carnitine Homeostasis Modulates Hyperosmolarity-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Assessing the Independent and Combined Effects of Hyperosmolarity and Inflammatory Stress on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- L-carnitine partially restores adherens junction integrity and promotes wound healing in human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmolar stress.Experimental eye research · 2025Article
- Generation of Immune Modulating Small Metabolites-Metabokines-By Adult Schistosomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose and GlicoProOphthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- PCR-based characterization of nasal and ocular surface flora and functional analysis of bacterial metabolic pathways in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Betaine and L-Carnitine Synergistically Influence the Metabolome and Immune Response in Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of the Osmoprotective Effects of Daily Disposable Contact Lens Packaging Solutions on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Single cell analysis of short-term dry eye induced changes in cornea immune cell populations.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Biocidal Efficacies of Contact Lens Disinfecting Solutions Against International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Compendial Organisms.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- L-Carnitine Suppresses Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Activation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Using Natural Deep Eutectic Systems as Alternative Media for Ocular Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Induction of Innate Inflammatory Pathways in the Corneal Epithelium in the Desiccating Stress Dry Eye Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Ion channels in dry eye disease.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Review
- Transient Receptor Potential Channels: Important Players in Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Disease.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo explore the effects of osmoprotectants on pro-inflammatory mediator production in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress.
methodsHCECs cultured in iso-osmolar medium (312 mOsM) were switched to hyperosmotic media with or without prior incubation with 2-20 mM of l-carnitine, erythritol or betaine for different time periods. The mRNA expression and protein production of pro-inflammatory markers in HCECs were evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA.
resultsHyperosmolar media significantly stimulated the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and chemokines, IL-8, CCL2 and CCL20 in HCECs in an osmolarity dependent manner. The stimulated expression of these pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly but differentially suppressed by l-carnitine, erythritol or betaine. l-Carnitine displayed the greatest inhibitory effects and down-regulated 54-77% of the stimulated mRNA levels of TNF-α (down from 12.3-5.7 fold), IL-1β (2.2-0.9 fold), IL-6 (7.3-2.9 fold), IL-8 (4.6-2.0 fold), CCL2 (15.3-3.5 fold) and CCL20 (4.1-1.5 fold) in HCECs exposed to 450 mOsM. The stimulated protein production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 was also significantly suppressed by l-carnitine, erythritol and betaine. l-carnitine suppressed 49-79% of the stimulated protein levels of TNF-α (down from 81.3 to 17.4 pg/ml), IL-1β (56.9-29.2 pg/ml), IL-6 (12.8-4.6 ng/ml) and IL-8 (21.2-10.9 ng/ml) by HCECs exposed to 450 mOsM. Interestingly, hyperosmolarity stimulated increase in mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly suppressed by a transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 1 (TRPV1) activation inhibitor capsazepine.
conclusionsl-carnitine, erythritol and betaine function as osmoprotectants to suppress inflammatory responses via TRPV1 pathway in HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Osmoprotectants may have efficacy in reducing innate inflammation in dry eye disease.
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