ReviewDrug safety2014
Side effects of cytokines approved for therapy.
Review in Drug safety, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Force-responsive biomaterials drive tissue repair by harnessing endogenous growth factors.Nature materials · 2026Article
- Single-Chain Variable Fragment Fusion Proteins for Targeted Delivery and Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Systemic pathways linking subcutaneous therapies to gastrointestinal adverse effects: A Narrative review of mechanisms and mitigation strategies.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Ferrostatin-1 and hinokitiol supplementation enhance human hematopoietic stem cell expansion in a chemically defined medium.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- An autologous cell-based therapeutic vaccine expressing IL6/1 fusokine drives robust anti-tumor response against ovarian cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Gel Supernatant Reprograms the Cytokine and Growth Factor Microenvironment in an Equine In Vitro Inflammatory Tendon System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- DJ-1 inhibition reshapes tumor microenvironment and potentiates immune checkpoint inhibitors.Science advances · 2026Article
- Epigenetic modulation to overcome immune suppression in pancreatic cancer.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Review
- "Cytokine-Mediated tumor sensitization: mechanistic frameworks and therapeutic opportunities in cancer Immunotherapy".Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Revitalizing T cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming T cell exhaustion.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Combined IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment enhances the susceptibility of breast cancer cells and spheroids to Natural Killer cell-mediated killing.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- TNF-α x FcαRI bi-specific antibody potentiates neutrophil-mediated anti-tumor effects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Design of a potent interleukin-21 mimic for cancer immunotherapy.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Dose-finding andMolecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- Subcutaneous administration of adipose-tropic gene therapy for congenital leptin deficiency.Research square · 2025Article
- Fast Lithium-Releasing Phosphate Glasses Promote the Resolution of Inflammation.ACS applied bio materials · 2025Article
- Targeting innate immune sensors for therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Strategies to Enhance Protein Delivery.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2025Review
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines, currently known to be more than 130 in number, are small MW (<30 kDa) key signaling proteins that modulate cellular activities in immunity, infection, inflammation and malignancy. Key to understanding their function is recognition of their pleiotropism and often overlapping and functional redundancies. Classified here into 9 main families, most of the 20 approved cytokine preparations (18 different cytokines; 3 pegylated), all in recombinant human (rh) form, are grouped in the hematopoietic growth factor, interferon, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) families. In the hematopoietin family, approved cytokines are aldesleukin (rhIL-2), oprelvekin (rhIL-11), filgrastim and tbo-filgrastim (rhG-CSF), sargramostim (rhGM-CSF), metreleptin (rh-leptin) and the rh-erythropoietins, epoetin and darbepoietin alfa. Anakinra, a recombinant receptor antagonist for IL-1, is in the IL-1 family; recombinant interferons alfa-1, alfa-2, beta-1 and gamma-1 make up the interferon family; palifermin (rhKGF) and becaplermin (rhPDGF) are in the PDGF family; and rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 represent the TGFβ family. The main physicochemical features, FDA-approved indications, modes of action and side effects of these approved cytokines are presented. Underlying each adverse events profile is their pleiotropism, potency and capacity to release other cytokines producing cytokine 'cocktails'. Side effects, some serious, occur despite cytokines being endogenous proteins, and this therefore demands caution in attempts to introduce individual members into the clinic. This caution is reflected in the relatively small number of cytokines currently approved by regulatory agencies and by the fact that 14 of the FDA-approved preparations carry warnings, with 10 being black box warnings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.