Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25268241›Full record

ArticlePloS one2014

Modes of transmission of influenza B virus in households.

Benjamin J Cowling, Dennis K M Ip, Vicky J Fang, Piyarat Suntarattiwong, Sonja J Olsen, Jens Levy, Timothy M Uyeki, Gabriel M Leung, J S Malik Peiris, Tawee Chotpitayasunondh and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 34% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Trial
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.

Benjamin J CowlingSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Dennis K M IpSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Vicky J FangSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Piyarat SuntarattiwongQueen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sonja J OlsenInfluenza Program, Thailand MOPH-US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
Jens LevyInfluenza Program, Thailand MOPH-US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
Timothy M UyekiInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
Gabriel M LeungSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
J S Malik PeirisSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Tawee ChotpitayasunondhQueen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
Hiroshi NishiuraGraduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
J Mark SimmermanEpidemiology and Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur, Bangkok, Thailand.
University of Hong Kong · HKMinistry of Public Health · THQueen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health · THCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USThe University of Tokyo · JP

Funding

Understanding and controlling antibiotic resistanceU54GM088558 · NIGMS · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI HANAGE, WILLIAM · 2009 to 2018
$26.4M
STRENGTHENING THAILAND'S INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE NETWORK TO SUPPORT INFLUENZA CONTU51IP000345 · IP · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH · PI SAWANPANYALERT, PATHOM · 2009 to 2013
$2.7M
A Controlled Trial of Masks and Hand Hygiene for Reducing Influenza TransmissionU01CI000439 · CI · UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG · PI LEUNG, K. GABRIEL · 2006 to 2008
$1.4M
NCIRD CDC HHS 5 U51 IP000345NCIRD CDC HHS U51 IP000345NCPDCID CDC HHS 1 U01 CI000439NCPDCID CDC HHS U01 CI000439NIAID NIH HHS HHSN266200700005CNIAID NIH HHS N01 AI070005NIAID NIH HHS N01-AI-70005NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM088558
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWhile influenza A and B viruses can be transmitted via respiratory droplets, the importance of small droplet nuclei "aerosols" in transmission is controversial. METHODS AND

findingsIn Hong Kong and Bangkok, in 2008-11, subjects were recruited from outpatient clinics if they had recent onset of acute respiratory illness and none of their household contacts were ill. Following a positive rapid influenza diagnostic test result, subjects were randomly allocated to one of three household-based interventions: hand hygiene, hand hygiene plus face masks, and a control group. Index cases plus their household contacts were followed for 7-10 days to identify secondary infections by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of respiratory specimens. Index cases with RT-PCR-confirmed influenza B were included in the present analyses. We used a mathematical model to make inferences on the modes of transmission, facilitated by apparent differences in clinical presentation of secondary infections resulting from aerosol transmission. We estimated that approximately 37% and 26% of influenza B virus transmission was via the aerosol mode in households in Hong Kong and Bangkok, respectively. In the fitted model, influenza B virus infections were associated with a 56%-72% risk of fever plus cough if infected via aerosol route, and a 23%-31% risk of fever plus cough if infected via the other two modes of transmission.

conclusionsAerosol transmission may be an important mode of spread of influenza B virus. The point estimates of aerosol transmission were slightly lower for influenza B virus compared to previously published estimates for influenza A virus in both Hong Kong and Bangkok. Caution should be taken in interpreting these findings because of the multiple assumptions inherent in the model, including that there is limited biological evidence to date supporting a difference in the clinical features of influenza B virus infection by different modes.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolCoughFemaleHand DisinfectionHumansInfluenza A virusInfluenza B virusInfluenza, HumanMaleMasksMiddle AgedModels, TheoreticalReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID25268241
PMCPMC4182555
OpenAlexW1991861816

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.