ArticleAIDS (London, England)2014
Opportunistic infections and AIDS malignancies early after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients presenting with acute AIDS-defining events (toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii-pneumonia): a prospective, randomized, open-label multicenter study (IDEAL-study).AIDS research and therapy · 2019Trial
- Optimal Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Associated Toxoplasmic Encephalitis: A Prospective Observational Multicenter Study in China.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2024Article
- The spectrum of opportunistic infections and malignancies among women on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- MRI imaging features of HIV-related central nervous system diseases: diagnosis by pattern recognition in daily practice.Japanese journal of radiology · 2021Review
- Effect Estimates in Randomized Trials and Observational Studies: Comparing Apples With Apples.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Short- and Long-term Risks of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment with Incident Opportunistic Infections among People Living with HIV/AIDS.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Characteristics of Invasive Fungal Infections among HIV Individuals from an Indigenous Origin in Mexico.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment, Immunovirologic Status, and TB Risk: Implications for Testing and Treatment.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Observational
- Pleuropulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma in the Setting of Immune Reactivation.Journal of pulmonary & respiratory medicine · 2016Article
- Neurological immune reconstitution inflammatory response: riding the tide of immune recovery.Current opinion in neurology · 2015Review
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Abstract
backgroundThere is little information on the incidence of AIDS-defining events which have been reported in the literature to be associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation. These events include tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cryptococcosis and candidiasis.
methodsWe identified individuals in the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration, which includes data from six European countries and the US, who were HIV-positive between 1996 and 2013, antiretroviral therapy naive, aged at least 18 years, had CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA measurements and had been AIDS-free for at least 1 month between those measurements and the start of follow-up. For each AIDS-defining event, we estimated the hazard ratio for no cART versus less than 3 and at least 3 months since cART initiation, adjusting for time-varying CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA via inverse probability weighting.
resultsOut of 96 562 eligible individuals (78% men) with median (interquantile range) follow-up of 31 [13,65] months, 55 144 initiated cART. The number of cases varied between 898 for tuberculosis and 113 for PML. Compared with non-cART initiation, the hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) up to 3 months after cART initiation were 1.21 (0.90-1.63) for tuberculosis, 2.61 (1.05-6.49) for MAC, 1.17 (0.34-4.08) for CMV retinitis, 1.18 (0.62-2.26) for PML, 1.21 (0.83-1.75) for HSV, 1.18 (0.87-1.58) for Kaposi sarcoma, 1.56 (0.82-2.95) for NHL, 1.11 (0.56-2.18) for cryptococcosis and 0.77 (0.40-1.49) for candidiasis.
conclusionWith the potential exception of mycobacterial infections, unmasking IRIS does not appear to be a common complication of cART initiation in high-income countries.
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