ReviewCNS spectrums2015
The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression.
Review in CNS spectrums, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03336541 (Effects of Intraoperative Low-dose Ketamine on Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Parturients With Prenatal Depression Undergoing Cesarean Delivery), which is not on this map. Cited by 205 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Intraoperative Low-dose Ketamine on Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Parturients With Prenatal Depression Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: Blind Test, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial
Who cites it
205 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 441 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of associations between hormone levels in hair and peripartum depression.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Brain-based Sex Differences in Depression: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies.Brain imaging and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Landscaping the evidence of intimate partner violence and postpartum depression: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Perinatal depressive symptoms and breastfeeding behaviors: A systematic literature review and biosocial research agenda.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for peripartum depression: systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Significant Increase in Depression in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Oxytocin and postpartum depression: A systematic review.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of the association between dietary patterns and perinatal anxiety and depression.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Pooled it
- Beneficial Effects ofNutrients · 2023Trial
- The influence of maternal singing on well-being, postpartum depression and bonding - a randomised, controlled trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Trial
- Progesterone modulates theta oscillations in the frontal-parietal network.Psychophysiology · 2020Trial
- Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: results from a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Archives of women's mental health · 2020Trial
- SAGE-217, A Novel GABAClinical pharmacokinetics · 2020Trial
- Open-label, proof-of-concept study of brexanolone in the treatment of severe postpartum depression.Human psychopharmacology · 2017Trial
- Using the National Curriculum in Reproductive Psychiatry to Enhance and Standardize Fellowship Training.Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Mechanistic Insights ofNutrients · 2026Review
- Shared Genetic Architecture of Premenstrual Disorder and Postpartum Depression: Registry-Based and Genetic Evidence.Research square · 2026Article
- Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome Are Associated with Postpartum Depression.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Global burden of depression and anxiety among women of reproductive age: socioeconomic disparities and policy implications.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association between premenstrual syndrome and postnatal depression in women with recurrent major depressive disorder.Psychiatry research · 2026Article
145 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression (PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed the onset of PPD to the rapid perinatal change in reproductive hormones. Although a number of human and nonhuman animal studies support the role of reproductive hormones in PPD, several studies have failed to detect an association between hormone concentrations and PPD. The purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period trigger PPD in susceptible women. We discuss and integrate the literature on animal models of PPD and human studies of reproductive hormones and PPD. We also discuss alternative biological models of PPD to demonstrate the potential for multiple PPD phenotypes and to describe the complex interplay of changing reproductive hormones and alterations in thyroid function, immune function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, lactogenic hormones, and genetic expression that may contribute to affective dysfunction. There are 3 primary lines of inquiry that have addressed the role of reproductive hormones in PPD: nonhuman animal studies, correlational studies of postpartum hormone levels and mood symptoms, and hormone manipulation studies. Reproductive hormones influence virtually every biological system implicated in PPD, and a subgroup of women seem to be particularly sensitive to the effects of perinatal changes in hormone levels. We propose that these women constitute a "hormone-sensitive" PPD phenotype, which should be studied independent of other PPD phenotypes to identify underlying pathophysiology and develop novel treatment targets.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.