Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25263167›Full record

ArticleChild development

Genetic and environmental etiologies of the longitudinal relations between prereading skills and reading.

Micaela E Christopher, Jacqueline Hulslander, Brian Byrne, Stefan Samuelsson, Janice M Keenan, Bruce Pennington, John C DeFries, Sally J Wadsworth, Erik Willcutt, Richard K Olson

Abstract readTwin Study
In one paragraph

Article in Child development. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Charting the Shift: Age as a Moderator of the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reading.Scientific studies of reading : the official journal of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading · 2025
    Article
  2. Predicting Later Spelling from Kindergarten Spelling in U.S., Australian, and Swedish Children.Scientific studies of reading : the official journal of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading · 2023
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
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  8. Article
  9. Article
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  11. Measures of Kindergarten Spelling and Their Relations to Later Spelling Performance.Scientific studies of reading : the official journal of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading · 2016
    Article
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Micaela E ChristopherUniversity of Colorado Boulder.
Jacqueline Hulslander
Brian Byrne
Stefan Samuelsson
Janice M Keenan
Bruce Pennington
John C DeFries
Sally J Wadsworth
Erik Willcutt
Richard K Olson

Funding

VALIDITY OF SUBTYPES OF ADHDP50HD027802 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI ERIK G WILLCUTT · 1990 to 2026
$44.9M
Longitudinal Twin Study of Early Reading Development (supplement)R01HD038526 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI OLSON, RICHARD K · 2000 to 2010
$4.2M
RESEARCH TRAINING: DEVELOPMENTAL BEHAVIORAL GENETICST32HD007289 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI STALLINGS, MICHAEL CRAIG · 1985 to 2014
$3.1M
Etiology and Neuropsychology of Math, Reading, ADHD, and their CovariationR01HD068728 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI PETRILL, STEPHEN A., WILLCUTT, ERIK G · 2011 to 2015
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD027802NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD038526NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD068728NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD007289
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The present study explored the environmental and genetic etiologies of the longitudinal relations between prereading skills and reading and spelling. Twin pairs (n = 489) were assessed before kindergarten (M = 4.9 years), post-first grade (M = 7.4 years), and post-fourth grade (M = 10.4 years). Genetic influences on five prereading skills (print knowledge, rapid naming, phonological awareness, vocabulary, and verbal memory) were primarily responsible for relations with word reading and spelling. However, relations with post-fourth-grade reading comprehension were due to both genetic and shared environmental influences. Genetic and shared environmental influences that were common among the prereading variables covaried with reading and spelling, as did genetic influences unique to verbal memory (only post-fourth-grade comprehension), print knowledge, and rapid naming.

Indexed as

Gene-Environment InteractionLanguageReadingChildChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansLanguage DevelopmentLongitudinal StudiesMale

Identifiers

PMID25263167
PMCPMC4375099

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.