ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2014
DataSHIELD: taking the analysis to the data, not the data to the analysis.
Abstract read
In one paragraph
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 162 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
162citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Ambient air pollution and childhood obesity from infancy to late childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 10 European birth cohorts.Environment international · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sleep duration in preschool age and later behavioral and cognitive outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis in five European cohorts.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Gestational age at birth and body size from infancy through adolescence: An individual participant data meta-analysis on 253,810 singletons in 16 birth cohort studies.PLoS medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between exploratory dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes: a federated meta-analysis of individual participant data from 25 cohort studies.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- dsSurvival: Privacy preserving survival models for federated individual patient meta-analysis in DataSHIELD.BMC research notes · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Associations of Total Legume, Pulse, and Soy Consumption with Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Federated Meta-Analysis of 27 Studies from Diverse World Regions.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Building knowledge, optimising physical and mental health and setting up healthier life trajectories in South African women (BMJ open · 2022Trial
- Spinal pain prevalence in childhood and socioeconomic patterns: a comparative study in four European birth cohorts.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Federated Time-to-Event Data Analysis Using Piecewise Exponential Regression in DataSHIELD.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- FedEdgeR: federated and privacy-preserving edgeR for differential gene expression analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Prospective Physical Activity, Sitting and Sleep consortium (ProPASS): addressing methodological and geographical barriers to inform global public health guidelines, interventions and precision medicine.British journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Associations of Adiposity With Gut Microbiota Composition Among Adults-Results From a Federated Analysis of Individual Participant Data From Eight European Observational Studies.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- The International Psychosis Epidemiology Consortium Virtual Databank-A Platform for Data Harmonization and Federated Analysis of Psychosis Cohorts.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Cohort profile: Swiss personalized health network cohort consortium.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- A distributed analysis approach for pharmacovigilance data from electronic medical records in German university hospitals: the POLAR_MI ETL Pipeline.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- dsLassoCov: a federated Lasso approach incorporating covariate control.Scientific reports · 2026Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
49 authors.
Amadou GayeSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Yannick MarconSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Julia IsaevaSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Philippe LaFlammeSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Andrew TurnerSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Elinor M JonesSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Joel MinionSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Andrew W BoydSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Christopher J NewbySchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Marja-Liisa NuotioSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Rebecca WilsonSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Oliver ButtersSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Barnaby MurtaghSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Ipek DemirSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Dany DoironSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Lisette GiepmansSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Susan E WallaceSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Isabelle Budin-LjøsneSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Carsten Oliver SchmidtSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Paolo BoffettaSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Mathieu BoniolSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Maria BotaSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Kim W CarterSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Nick deKlerkSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Chris DibbenSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Richard W FrancisSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Tero HiekkalinnaSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Kristian HveemSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Kirsti KvaløySchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Sean MillarSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Ivan J PerrySchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Annette PetersSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Catherine M PhillipsSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Frank PophamSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Gillian RaabSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Eva ReischlSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Nuala SheehanSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Melanie WaldenbergerSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Markus PerolaSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Edwin van den HeuvelSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
John MacleodSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Bartha M KnoppersSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Ronald P StolkSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Isabel FortierSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Jennifer R HarrisSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Bruce H R WoffenbuttelSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Madeleine J MurtaghSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Vincent FerrettiSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Paul R BurtonSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
Funding
Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_UP_A540_1021Medical Research Council MC_UU_12017/7Medical Research Council MR/K006525/1Medical Research Council MR/K007017/1Wellcome Trust 102215
Abstract
backgroundResearch in modern biomedicine and social science requires sample sizes so large that they can often only be achieved through a pooled co-analysis of data from several studies. But the pooling of information from individuals in a central database that may be queried by researchers raises important ethico-legal questions and can be controversial. In the UK this has been highlighted by recent debate and controversy relating to the UK's proposed 'care.data' initiative, and these issues reflect important societal and professional concerns about privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property. DataSHIELD provides a novel technological solution that can circumvent some of the most basic challenges in facilitating the access of researchers and other healthcare professionals to individual-level data.
methodsCommands are sent from a central analysis computer (AC) to several data computers (DCs) storing the data to be co-analysed. The data sets are analysed simultaneously but in parallel. The separate parallelized analyses are linked by non-disclosive summary statistics and commands transmitted back and forth between the DCs and the AC. This paper describes the technical implementation of DataSHIELD using a modified R statistical environment linked to an Opal database deployed behind the computer firewall of each DC. Analysis is controlled through a standard R environment at the AC.
resultsBased on this Opal/R implementation, DataSHIELD is currently used by the Healthy Obese Project and the Environmental Core Project (BioSHaRE-EU) for the federated analysis of 10 data sets across eight European countries, and this illustrates the opportunities and challenges presented by the DataSHIELD approach.
conclusionsDataSHIELD facilitates important research in settings where: (i) a co-analysis of individual-level data from several studies is scientifically necessary but governance restrictions prohibit the release or sharing of some of the required data, and/or render data access unacceptably slow; (ii) a research group (e.g. in a developing nation) is particularly vulnerable to loss of intellectual property-the researchers want to fully share the information held in their data with national and international collaborators, but do not wish to hand over the physical data themselves; and (iii) a data set is to be included in an individual-level co-analysis but the physical size of the data precludes direct transfer to a new site for analysis.
Indexed as
Biomedical ResearchComputer SecurityConfidentialityDatasets as TopicInformation Storage and RetrievalComputational BiologyDatabases, FactualHumansUnited KingdombioinformaticsconfidentialityDataSHIELDdisclosuredistributed computingELSIintellectual propertypooled analysisprivacy
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