ArticlePloS one2014
Exposure and risk factors to coxiella burnetii, spotted fever group and typhus group Rickettsiae, and Bartonella henselae among volunteer blood donors in Namibia.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neglected etiologies of prolonged febrile illnesses in tropical and subtropical regions: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of Q fever among high-risk occupations in the Ilam province, the west of Iran.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Q Fever in Africa: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Zoonotic Potential and Disease Burden.Public health challenges · 2026Review
- Eco-Epidemiological Study of Seropositivity Against Rickettsia and Leptospira Agents in Rural Areas of Urabá, Colombia.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Article
- Molecular Detection and Prevalence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2024Article
- Development of an all-in-one real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and hantaan virus prevalent in central China.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Rickettsia africae infections in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review of epidemiological studies and summary of case reports.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2024Review
- Molecular Detection and Characterization of Rickettsia Species in Ixodid Ticks from Selected Regions of Namibia.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in an Indigenous Population from the Sierra Nevada De Santa Marta, Colombia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Aetiologies of bacterial tick-borne febrile illnesses in humans in Africa: diagnostic limitations and the need for improvement.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Comparison of molecular methods for Bartonella henselae detection in blood donors.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Entomological risk of African tick-bite fever (Rickettsia africae infection) in Eswatini.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Seroepidemiologic evidence of Q fever and associated factors among workers in veterinary service laboratory in South Korea.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Seroreactivity toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Schizophrenia andVector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- High prevalence ofVeterinary world · 2020Article
- Human Bartonellosis: An Underappreciated Public Health Problem?Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2019Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe role of pathogen-mediated febrile illness in sub-Saharan Africa is receiving more attention, especially in Southern Africa where four countries (including Namibia) are actively working to eliminate malaria. With a high concentration of livestock and high rates of companion animal ownership, the influence of zoonotic bacterial diseases as causes of febrile illness in Namibia remains unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsThe aim of the study was to evaluate exposure to Coxiella burnetii, spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae, and Bartonella henselae using IFA and ELISA (IgG) in serum collected from 319 volunteer blood donors identified by the Blood Transfusion Service of Namibia (NAMBTS). Serum samples were linked to a basic questionnaire to identify possible risk factors. The majority of the participants (64.8%) had extensive exposure to rural areas or farms. Results indicated a C. burnetii prevalence of 26.1% (screening titre 1∶16), and prevalence rates of 11.9% and 14.9% (screening titre 1∶100) for spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsiae, respectively. There was a significant spatial association between C. burnetii exposure and place of residence in southern Namibia (P<0.021). Donors with occupations involving animals (P>0.012), especially cattle (P>0.006), were also significantly associated with C. burnetii exposure. Males were significantly more likely than females to have been exposed to spotted fever (P<0.013) and typhus (P<0.011) group rickettsiae. Three (2.9%) samples were positive for B. henselae possibly indicating low levels of exposure to a pathogen never reported in Namibia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate that Namibians are exposed to pathogenic fever-causing bacteria, most of which have flea or tick vectors/reservoirs. The epidemiology of febrile illnesses in Namibia needs further evaluation in order to develop comprehensive local diagnostic and treatment algorithms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.