ReviewDiabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy2014
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes: focus on disease course and outcomes.
Review in Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Doubly blind: a systematic review of gender in randomised controlled trials.Global health action · 2016Pooled it
- Type 2 diabetes is more predictable in women than men by multiple anthropometric and biochemical measures.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- A multifunctional diet improves cardiometabolic-related biomarkers independently of weight changes: an 8-week randomized controlled intervention in healthy overweight and obese subjects.European journal of nutrition · 2016Trial
- Mental Health Among Adults with Diabetes in Spain: A Population-Based Matched Study of Emotional Well-Being, Depressive Symptoms, and Psychiatric Medication Use.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Observational
- Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects Across Nine Glucose-Lowering Drug Classes in Type 2 Diabetes: Extension of the LEGEND-T2DM Network Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Observational
- Changing understanding of acromegaly epidemiology and early mortality risk.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects Across Nine Glucose-Lowering Drug Classes in Type 2 Diabetes: Extension of the LEGEND-T2DM Network Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications in Women and Young Adults.Current epidemiology reports · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Failure to Achieve Geriatric-Adjusted Glycemic Targets Among Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Vietnam.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the prognostic value of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio for coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- An Overview of Sex-Based Differences in the Onset and Progression of DKD in the Well-Known Model, ZSF1 Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Barriers and solutions in women's health research and clinical care: a call to action.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Review
- Gender based difference in glycemic control and diabetes related chronic complications among type 2 diabetic patients in Debre Berhan city public hospitals.Metabolism open · 2025Article
- Effects of Age and Sex on Systemic Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Review
- Association between body mass index and diabetes mellitus control classification among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the National Diabetes Registry of Muar District Health Office, Malaysia, from January 2021 to July 2023.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2025Article
- Precision Screening for MetS: The Role of Derived Lipid Indicators in Chinese Populations.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Article
- Glucose and lipid metabolism in non-diabetic, non-obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea: sex differences.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Hypoglycemia and associated cardiovascular diseases, morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in university teaching hospitals in Rwanda.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2025Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWomen with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are less likely to reach the goals for hemoglobin A1c compared with men, and have higher all-cause mortality. The risk of cardiovascular disease is elevated among both men and women with T2D, however, the risk has declined among men over recent years while it remains stationary in women. Reasons for these sex differences remain unclear, and guidelines for diabetes treatment do not differentiate between sexes. Possible causes for varying outcome include differences in physiology, treatment response, and psychological factors. This review briefly outlines sex differences in hormonal pathophysiology, and thereafter summarizes the literature to date on sex differences in disease course and outcome.
methodsSystematic searches were performed on PubMed using "sex", "gender", and various glucose-lowering therapies as keywords. Earlier reviews are summarized and results from individual studies are reported. Reference lists from studies were used to augment the search.
resultsThere is an increased risk of missing the diagnosis of T2D when screening women with only fasting plasma glucose instead of with an oral glucose tolerance test. The impact of various risk factors for complications may differ by sex. Efficacy and side effects of some glucose-lowering drugs differ between men and women. Men with T2D appear to suffer more microvascular complications, while women have higher morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease and also fare worse psychologically.
conclusionFew studies to date have focused on sex differences in T2D. Several questions demand further study, such as whether risk factors and treatment guidelines should be sex-specific. There is a need for clinical trials designed specifically to evaluate sex differences in efficacy and outcome of the available treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.