ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2014
The heritability of dry eye disease in a female twin cohort.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding and reconstructing disease relations between dry eye and depression: a multimodal investigation comprising meta-analysis, genetic pathways and Mendelian randomization.Journal of advanced research · 2025Pooled it
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2016Pooled it
- Comparison Between Viscous Teardrops and Saline Solution to Fill Orthokeratology Contact Lenses Before Overnight Wear.Eye & contact lens · 2018Trial
- A multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of dry eye disease and systemic comorbidities.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Dry Eye Disease And The Jenvis Dry Eye Report Diagnosis Tool: A Literature Review with Emphasis On African Populations.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- Investigating the shared genetic architecture between dry eye disease and multisite chronic pain.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Integration of Digital Phenotyping and Genomics for Dry Eye Disease: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Dry eye disease and psychosomatics-benefits of mind-body therapy for dry eye disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus Have a Dry Eye Phenotype Driven by Low Symptom Burden and Anatomic Abnormalities.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The Lubricating Effect of Eye Drops Containing Hyaluronic Acid and Mallow Extract in Patients with Dry Eye Disease-A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Is a Dry Eye Disorder in Firefighters an Occupational Disease?La Medicina del lavoro · 2023Article
- Impact of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 (Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Evaluation of ocular surface and tear function - A review of current approaches for dry eye.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Cataract surgery and dry eye disease: A review.European journal of ophthalmology · 2020Review
- Dry Eye Disease: Consideration for Women's Health.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2019Review
- Neuropathic-Like Ocular Pain and Nonocular Comorbidities Correlate With Dry Eye Symptoms.Eye & contact lens · 2018Article
- Neuropathic pain and dry eye.The ocular surface · 2018Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe estimated the relative importance of genes and environment in dry eye disease (DED) using a classic twin study.
methodsA large sample of 3930 female monozygotic and dizygotic twins from the UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK) was questioned about the presence of a DED diagnosis and about DED symptoms in the preceding 3 months. In addition, a subset of 606 twins was examined for several dry eye signs. Genetic and environmental effects were estimated using maximum likelihood structural equation modeling.
resultsAll DED outcome variables showed higher correlation in monozygotic twin pairs than in dizygotic twin pairs, suggesting genes have a contributory role in DED. The DED symptoms showed a heritability of 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18%-40%). A clinician's diagnosis of DED with concurrent use of artificial tears showed a heritability of 41% (95% CI, 26%-56%). Estimates of the heritability of DED signs were 25% (95% CI, 7%-42%) for interblink interval, 58% (95% CI, 43%-70%) for Schirmer value, 40% (95% CI, 25%-53%) for tear osmolarity, and 78% (95% CI, 59%-90%) for the presence of blepharitis. The unique environment explained the remainder of the variance. We found no significant heritability for tear breakup time.
conclusionsGenetic factors contribute moderately to the diagnosis, symptoms, and the signs of DED. Compared to other ocular phenotypes, the lower heritability might reflect some of the difficulties in objective phenotyping of DED in a population-based sample. However, future genetic studies are now justified and may help in unraveling the pathophysiology of DED.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.