Trial reportDiabetes2015
Intranasal insulin enhanced resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampal regions in type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetes, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enhancement of Cerebral Vasoreactivity and Cognition by Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes
Memory Advancement by Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes of brain function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus measured by different analysis methods: A new coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Altered functional connectivity of brain regions based on a meta-analysis in patients with T2DM: A resting-state fMRI study.Brain and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Long-acting intranasal insulin for the treatment of delirium-a randomised clinical trial.Age and ageing · 2025Trial
- Intranasal insulin enhances resting-state functional connectivity in Type 2 Diabetes.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Two weeks of exercise alters neuronal extracellular vesicle insulin signaling proteins and pro-BDNF in older adults with prediabetes.Aging cell · 2025Trial
- Exercise restores brain insulin sensitivity in sedentary adults who are overweight and obese.JCI insight · 2022Trial
- MemAID: Memory advancement with intranasal insulin vs. placebo in type 2 diabetes and control participants: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of neurology · 2022 · on this mapTrial
- Sex differences in central insulin action: Effect of intranasal insulin on neural food cue reactivity in adults with normal weight and overweight.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Trial
- Metabolic and Neurocognitive Changes Following Lifestyle Modification: Examination of Biomarkers from the ENLIGHTEN Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Trial
- Safety and preliminary efficacy of intranasal insulin for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy: A double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study.PloS one · 2019 · on this mapTrial
- Intranasal insulin enhances brain functional connectivity mediating the relationship between adiposity and subjective feeling of hunger.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Repurposing insulin for Alzheimer's disease treatment: intranasal delivery of a thermoresponsive nanocarrier-based insulin formulation to the brain.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- MiR-144 Regulates Cognitive Dysfunction via NLRP3 Inflammasome and FoxO1/AdipoR Pathway in T2DM Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Narrative Review "Dual Frontiers in Neurodegeneration: Pharmacological Synergies and Divergences in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus".Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Sensory network dysregulation in type 2 diabetes: Linking olfactory, visual, and cognitive function.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- The interplay of central insulin and menstrual cycle on functional brain networks and neural food cue reactivity in women.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Insulin and IGF signaling in the brain: multilevel regulation of synaptic and network homeostasis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Altered static and dynamic effective connectivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without microvascular complications.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Brain insulin resistance mediated cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration: Type-3 diabetes or Alzheimer's Disease.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of interventions targeting modifiable factors for dementia risk reduction.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) alters brain function and manifests as brain atrophy. Intranasal insulin has emerged as a promising intervention for treatment of cognitive impairment. We evaluated the acute effects of intranasal insulin on resting-state brain functional connectivity in older adults with T2DM. This proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of a single 40 IU dose of insulin or saline in 14 diabetic and 14 control subjects. Resting-state functional connectivity between the hippocampal region and default mode network (DMN) was quantified using functional MRI (fMRI) at 3Tesla. Following insulin administration, diabetic patients demonstrated increased resting-state connectivity between the hippocampal regions and the medial frontal cortex (MFC) as compared with placebo (cluster size: right, P = 0.03) and other DMN regions. On placebo, the diabetes group had lower connectivity between the hippocampal region and the MFC as compared with control subjects (cluster size: right, P = 0.02), but on insulin, MFC connectivity was similar to control subjects. Resting-state connectivity correlated with cognitive performance. A single dose of intranasal insulin increases resting-state functional connectivity between the hippocampal regions and multiple DMN regions in older adults with T2DM. Intranasal insulin administration may modify functional connectivity among brain regions regulating memory and complex cognitive behaviors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.