ReviewInternational urology and nephrology2014
Hyponatremia: pathophysiology, classification, manifestations and management.
Review in International urology and nephrology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sodium and water perturbations in patients who had an acute stroke: clinical relevance and management strategies for the neurologist.Stroke and vascular neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Hydration Responses to Pre-Exercise Sodium Hyperhydration at Rest and During Cycling in the Heat and Across Menstrual Cycle Phases.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- A new frontier in edema management: the potential of tolvaptan for refractory edema with hyponatremia in pediatric nephrotic syndrome.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Tolvaptan versus other interventions for hyponatraemia in people with cirrhosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Review
- Concurrent Control of Sodium and Bicarbonate Serum Concentrations Using a Four-Stream Hemodialysis Fluid Delivery System.Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis · 2025Article
- Risk factors for linezolid-associated hyponatremia focused on differences between intravenous and oral administration: a single-center, retrospective study.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2025Article
- The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with nasal and paranasal malignant tumors.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- CT semi-quantitative score used as risk factor for hyponatremia in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Editorial: Dysnatremias and related disorders.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Thalamic Neuron Resilience during Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) Is Revealed by Primary Cilium Outgrowth and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B Labeling in Axon Initial Segment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Observational
- Pseudohyponatremia: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Clinical Associations and Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Relationship between hyponatremia at hospital admission and cardiopulmonary profile at follow-up in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Observational
- Hyponatremia and Cancer: From Bedside to Benchside.Cancers · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Admission Hyponatremia in Patients With Diabetes Treated With and Without an SGLT2 inhibitor.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- Risk Factors for Anticancer Drug-Induced Hyponatremia: An Analysis Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Report (JADER) Database.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Acute kidney injury and electrolyte disorders in COVID-19.World journal of virology · 2022Review
- Article
- Severe hyponatremia as the presenting manifestation of primary empty sella syndrome.Clinical case reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hyponatremia has complex pathophysiology, is frequent and has potentially severe clinical manifestations, and its treatment is associated with high risks. Hyponatremia can be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic. Hypotonic hyponatremia has multiple etiologies, but only two general mechanisms of development, defective water excretion, usually because of elevated serum vasopressin levels, or excessive fluid intake. The acute treatment of symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia requires understanding of its targets and risks and requires continuous monitoring of the patient's clinical status and relevant serum biochemical values. The principles of fluid restriction, which is the mainstay of management of all types of hypotonic hyponatremia, should be clearly understood and followed. Treatment methods specific to various categories of hyponatremia are available. The indications and risks of these treatments should also be well understood. Rapid correction of chronic hypotonic hyponatremia may lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome, which has severe clinical manifestations, and may lead to permanent neurological disability or death. Prevention of this syndrome should be a prime concern of the treatment of hypotonic hyponatremia.
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Registered trials
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