ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Discrete elements for 3D microfluidics.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recent Advances in MEMS Actuators for Microfluidic Applications: Emerging Designs, Multiphysics Modeling, and Performance Optimization.Micromachines · 2026Review
- Augmented 3D Printing for Multiscale Microphysiological Systems.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Improving engineered biological systems with electronics and microfluidics.Nature biotechnology · 2025Review
- Advancing Modular Microfluidics: Stereolithographic 3D Printing of Reconfigurable Connectors for Bioanalytical Applications.International journal of bioprinting · 2025Article
- Data-Driven Theoretical Modeling of Centrifugal Step Emulsification and Its Application in Comprehensive Multiscale Analysis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Wetting-induced interfacial instability: A mechanism for droplet emission at air-liquid interfaces.Science advances · 2025Article
- Additive manufacturing of 3D flow-focusing millifluidics for the production of curable microdroplets.RSC advances · 2024Article
- The Optical Parameter Optimization for Brain Implant Alzheimer Sensor Using Phototherapy Angle and Wavelength Simulation (PAWS) Methodology.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Microfluidic-Integrated Chip Resonators for Electron Spin Sensing in Submicromolar, Submicroliter Solutions.Analytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Advantages of stereolithographic 3D printing in the fabrication of the Affiblot device for dot-blot assays.Mikrochimica acta · 2024Article
- A Lego-Like Reconfigurable Microfluidic Stabilizer System with Tunable Fluidic RC Constants and Stabilization Ratios.Micromachines · 2024Article
- Recent Progress in Droplet Structure Machining for Advanced Optics.Micromachines · 2024Review
- 3D-printed microfluidic device for high-throughput production of lipid nanoparticles incorporating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mRNA.Lab on a chip · 2024Article
- Vat photopolymerization 3D printed microfluidic devices for organ-on-a-chip applications.Lab on a chip · 2023Review
- Three-Dimensional Printing Enabled Droplet Microfluidic Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Single-Cell Viability and Blebbing Activity.Micromachines · 2023Article
- Modular microfluidics for life sciences.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- 3D free-assembly modular microfluidics inspired by movable type printing.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2023Article
- A 3D Capillary-Driven Multi-Micropore Membrane-Based Trigger Valve for Multi-Step Biochemical Reaction.Biosensors · 2022Article
- Picoliter Droplet Generation and Dense Bead-in-Droplet Encapsulation via Microfluidic Devices Fabricated via 3D Printed Molds.Micromachines · 2022Article
- Modular Microfluidics: Current Status and Future Prospects.Micromachines · 2022Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are rapidly becoming commonplace tools for high-precision materials synthesis, biochemical sample preparation, and biophysical analysis. Typically, microfluidic systems are constructed in monolithic form by means of microfabrication and, increasingly, by additive techniques. These methods restrict the design and assembly of truly complex systems by placing unnecessary emphasis on complete functional integration of operational elements in a planar environment. Here, we present a solution based on discrete elements that liberates designers to build large-scale microfluidic systems in three dimensions that are modular, diverse, and predictable by simple network analysis techniques. We develop a sample library of standardized components and connectors manufactured using stereolithography. We predict and validate the flow characteristics of these individual components to design and construct a tunable concentration gradient generator with a scalable number of parallel outputs. We show that these systems are rapidly reconfigurable by constructing three variations of a device for generating monodisperse microdroplets in two distinct size regimes and in a high-throughput mode by simple replacement of emulsifier subcircuits. Finally, we demonstrate the capability for active process monitoring by constructing an optical sensing element for detecting water droplets in a fluorocarbon stream and quantifying their size and frequency. By moving away from large-scale integration toward standardized discrete elements, we demonstrate the potential to reduce the practice of designing and assembling complex 3D microfluidic circuits to a methodology comparable to that found in the electronics industry.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.