ArticlePloS one2014
Impact of age and gender on the prevalence and prognostic importance of the metabolic syndrome and its components in Europeans. The MORGAM Prospective Cohort Project.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of metabolic syndrome with telomere length as a marker of cellular aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Pooled it
- Association of primary allostatic load mediators and metabolic syndrome (MetS): A systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Postpartum Weight Retention and Cardiometabolic Risk among Saudi Women: A Follow-Up Study of RAHMA Subcohort.BioMed research international · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Immune Consequences of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Treatment: A Cytokine Perspective.Immunology · 2026Article
- Muscle microvascular reactivity and its associations with arterial stiffness and aortic pressures in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity and hypertension.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Unemployment during life can lead to metabolic syndrome in adult age. A 40-year follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- The association of VEGF-A associated gene polymorphisms with obesity and markers of metabolic syndrome in a black South African population.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- [Russian eligibility criteria for prescription of menopausal hormone therapy to patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Agreement document of RKO, ROAG, RAE, EAT, AFR, RNMOT, RAGG].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Article
- The Predictive Ability and Trend of Continuous Metabolic Syndrome (cMets) Score as a Marker for the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome among Iranian Adults from 2007 to 2025 Using STEPS Studies.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome among Tehran adults: a cross-sectional analysis from the Tehran cohort study (TeCS).Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Associations between childhood maltreatment, PTSD and metabolic outcomes in patients with common mental disorders at outpatient clinics in specialized care.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Possible Role of Postnatal Biphasic Dysregulation of IGF-1 Tone in the Etiology of Idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Association between fetal sex and metabolic syndrome in women aged 40 years and older: the REACTION study.PeerJ · 2025Article
- Metabolic syndrome.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Review
- Progressive Impairment of Cardiac Autonomic Regulation as the Number of Metabolic Syndrome Components Increases.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- The Lipid Accumulation Product Index (LAP) and the Cardiometabolic Index (CMI) Are Useful for Predicting the Presence and Severity of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Patients with Obesity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The impact of lifestyle, measured with the HLPCQ questionnaire on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Poland: a multicenter study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
24 authors at 15 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the influence of age and gender on the prevalence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Europeans presenting with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS).
methodsUsing 36 cohorts from the MORGAM-Project with baseline between 1982-1997, 69094 men and women aged 19-78 years, without known CVD, were included. During 12.2 years of follow-up, 3.7%/2.1% of men/women died due to CVD. The corresponding percentages for fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke were 8.3/3.8 and 3.1/2.5.
resultsThe prevalence of MetS, according to modified definitions of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the revised National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII), increased across age groups for both genders (P<0.0001); with a 5-fold increase in women from ages 19-39 years to 60-78 years (7.4%/7.6% to 35.4%/37.6% for IDF/NCEP-ATPIII) and a 2-fold increase in men (5.3%/10.5% to 11.5%/21.8%). Using multivariate-adjusted Cox regressions, the associations between MetS and all three CVD events were significant (P<0.0001). For IDF/NCEP-ATPIII in men and women, hazard ratio (HR) for CHD was 1.60/1.62 and 1.93/2.03, for CVD mortality 1.73/1.65 and 1.77/2.06, and for stroke 1.51/1.53 and 1.58/1.77. Whereas in men the HRs for CVD events were independent of age (MetS*age, P>0.05), in women the HRs for CHD declined with age (HRs 3.23/3.98 to 1.55/1.56; MetS*age, P=0.01/P=0.001 for IDF/NCEP-ATPIII) while the HRs for stroke tended to increase (HRs 1.31/1.25 to 1.55/1.83; MetS*age, P>0.05).
conclusionIn Europeans, both age and gender influenced the prevalence of MetS and its prognostic significance. The present results emphasise the importance of being critical of MetS in its current form as a marker of CVD especially in women, and advocate for a redefinition of MetS taking into account age especially in women.
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