ArticlePloS one2014
Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 138 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Changes in Lung Function Parameters, Bronchial Reactivity, State of Health and Smoking Behaviour Associated With Changing From Conventional Smoking to Electronic Cigarettes
The Study of ELEctronic Cigarette Toxicity in a Human Model in Vivo Model of Inflammation and Vascular Dysfunction (SELECT)
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Lung Damage Caused by Heated Tobacco Products and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: an integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies.The European respiratory journal · 2021Pooled it
- Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.American journal of preventive medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Ferroptosis in e-cigarette aerosol-associated respiratory injury.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- From Aerosol to Epithelium: An Integrated Clinical, Pathologic, and Mechanistic Review of Nicotine and Cannabis Vaporizer Use and Pulmonary Disease.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Electronic cigarette aerosols disrupt airway barrier function via MMP-dependent E-cadherin cleavage: findings from cell culture and murine models.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- E-cigarette use and Barrett's esophagus: evaluating a new risk in the era of vaping.Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society · 2026Article
- Noninvasive repeated sampling technique reveals specific respiratory cytokine signatures for people who use electronic-cigarette and dual-products obtained from a remote cohort of young adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The triple-hit hypothesis: exploring pulmonary e-cigarette, PMEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Vaping-related lung disease: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- To Vape or Not to Vape: Oral Health in the Age of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems.International dental journal · 2026Review
- Immunological Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Review of Current Evidence.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- The Impact of E-Cigarettes on Oral Health-A Narrative Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- Environmental Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Clinics in chest medicine · 2024Review
- The paradox of the safer cigarette: understanding the pulmonary effects of electronic cigarettes.The European respiratory journal · 2024Review
- The Toxicological Effects of e-Cigarette Use in the Upper Airway: A Scoping Review.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- E-cigarette use, psychological distress, and daily activity participation among adults in Riyadh.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Electronic cigarette vapor disrupts key metabolic pathways in human lung epithelial cells.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates viral infection.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2023Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectiveThe use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly increasing in the United States, especially among young people since e-cigarettes have been perceived as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, the scientific evidence regarding the human health effects of e-cigarettes on the lung is extremely limited. The major goal of our current study is to determine if e-cigarette use alters human young subject airway epithelial functions such as inflammatory response and innate immune defense against respiratory viral (i.e., human rhinovirus, HRV) infection. METHODOLOGY/MAIN
resultsWe examined the effects of e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) on pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-6) production, HRV infection and host defense molecules (e.g., short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1, SPLUNC1) in primary human airway epithelial cells from young healthy non-smokers. Additionally, we examined the role of SPLUNC1 in lung defense against HRV infection using a SPLUNC1 knockout mouse model. We found that nicotine-free e-liquid promoted IL-6 production and HRV infection. Addition of nicotine into e-liquid further amplified the effects of nicotine-free e-liquid. Moreover, SPLUNC1 deficiency in mice significantly increased lung HRV loads. E-liquid inhibited SPLUNC1 expression in primary human airway epithelial cells. These findings strongly suggest the deleterious health effects of e-cigarettes in the airways of young people. Our data will guide future studies to evaluate the impact of e-cigarettes on lung health in human populations, and help inform the public about potential health risks of e-cigarettes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.