ReviewMolecular immunology2015
The roles of host and pathogen factors and the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection.
Review in Molecular immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Multi-Strain Probiotics, Zinc and Copper on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Challenged With Clostridium perfringens.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Review
- Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Risk ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Probiotics Ameliorate Histological Alterations and Prevent Increases in Cytokine and Toxin Levels in Mice Infected with Various Clostridioides difficile Strains.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Proinflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection in a murine model using Spatial transcriptomics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Insights into the Interaction BetweenJournal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Fiber- and acetate-mediated modulation of MHC-II expression on intestinal epithelium protects from Clostridioides difficile infection.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Article
- Bacterial toxins induce non-canonical migracytosis to aggravate acute inflammation.Cell discovery · 2024Article
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.Cell host & microbe · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Role of probiotics in preventingFrontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Rapid visualization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics and Effective Antibiotherapy.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Clinical characteristics associated with the severity of Clostridium [Clostridioides] difficile infection in a tertiary teaching hospital from Mexico.Biomedical journal · 2022Article
- Translational Aspects of the Immunology of Clostridioides difficile Infection: Implications for Pediatric Populations.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most common cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. The clinical manifestation of C. difficile infection (CDI) is highly variable, from asymptomatic carriage, to mild self-limiting diarrhea, to the more severe pseudomembranous colitis. Furthermore, in extreme cases, colonic inflammation and tissue damage can lead to toxic megacolon, a condition requiring surgical intervention. C. difficile expresses two key virulence factors; the exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), which are glucosyltransferases that target host-cell monomeric GTPases. In addition, some hypervirulent strains produce a third toxin, binary toxin or C. difficile transferase (CDT), which may contribute to the pathogenesis of CDI. More recently, other factors such as surface layer proteins (SLPs) and flagellin have also been linked to the inflammatory responses observed in CDI. Although the adaptive immune response can influence the severity of CDI, the innate immune responses to C. difficile and its toxins play crucial roles in CDI onset, progression, and overall prognosis. Despite this, the innate immune responses in CDI have drawn relatively little attention from clinical researchers. Targeting these responses may prove useful clinically as adjuvant therapies, especially in refractory and/or recurrent CDI. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of how C. difficile and its toxins modulate innate immune responses that contribute to CDI pathogenesis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.