ArticleAmerican journal of primatology2015
Long-term effects of tetanus toxoid inoculation on the demography and life expectancy of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques.
Article in American journal of primatology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severe Generalized Tetanus in a Chimpanzee (Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Assessing Variance in Male Reproductive Skew Based on Long-Term Data in Free-Ranging Rhesus Macaques.American journal of primatology · 2025Article
- Annual two-dose tetanus toxoid vaccination induces protective humoral immunity to all age groups of rhesus macaques.Experimental animals · 2023Article
- Rhesus macaques as a tractable physiological model of human ageing.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Review
- Age negatively impacts reproduction in high-ranking male rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Effect of Chronic Social Stress on Prenatal Transfer of Antitetanus Immunity in Captive Breeding Rhesus Macaques (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2018Article
- Drivers of Diversification in Individual Life Courses.The American naturalist · 2017Article
- Managing the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque population: The role of density.American journal of primatology · 2016Article
- Long-term effects of castration on the skeleton of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).American journal of primatology · 2016Article
- A 75-year pictorial history of the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony.American journal of primatology · 2016Review
- Does Male Care, Provided to Immature Individuals, Influence Immature Fitness in Rhesus Macaques?PloS one · 2015Article
- Long-term analysis on the variance of extra-group paternities in rhesus macaques.Behavioral ecology and sociobiologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago prior to 1985 when the entire colony was given its first dose of tetanus toxoid. The immediate reduction in mortality that followed tetanus toxoid inoculation (TTI) has been documented, but the long-term demographic effects of eliminating tetanus infections have not. This study uses the Cayo Santiago demographic database to construct comparative life tables 12 years before, and 12 years after, TTI. Life tables and matrix projection models are used to test for differences in: (i) survival among all individuals as well as among social groups, (ii) long-term fitness of the population, (iii) age distribution, (iv) reproductive value, and (v) life expectancy. A retrospective life table response experiment (LTRE) was performed to determine which life cycle transition contributed most to observed changes in long-term fitness of the population post-TTI. Elimination of clinical tetanus infections through mass inoculation improved the health and well-being of the monkeys. It also profoundly affected the population by increasing survivorship and long-term fitness, decreasing the differences in survival rates among social groups, shifting the population's age distribution towards older individuals, and increasing reproductive value and life expectancy. These findings are significant because they demonstrate the long-term effects of eradicating a major cause of mortality at a single point in time on survival, reproduction, and overall demography of a naturalistic population of primates.
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