ArticleAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2015
Immune changes and dysphoric moods across the postpartum.
Article in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Critical analysis of pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Incident HIV among pregnant and breast-feeding women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Pooled it
- Leveraging infant visit PrEP screening INtegration & tasK shifting to improve post-partum HIV prevention in Malawi (LINK): a cluster-randomized trial evaluation of a postpartum HIV prevention package among breastfeeding women in Malawi.BMC health services research · 2025Trial
- DELIVER: A Safety Study of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral PrEP for the Prevention of HIV During Pregnancy.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2024Trial
- Increased Risk of HIV Acquisition Among Women Throughout Pregnancy and During the Postpartum Period: A Prospective Per-Coital-Act Analysis Among Women With HIV-Infected Partners.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Article
- Missed Wrist Septic Arthritis: A Cautionary Case Report in a Postpartum Patient With Complement Deficiency.Cureus · 2026Article
- Pseudotime-conditioned diffusion models for imputing time-series single-cell data.Bioinformatics advances · 2026Article
- Postpartum macrophage activation syndrome with temporal dissociation of cytopenias in a patient with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: a case report.AME case reports · 2026Article
- Gestational stress disrupts the neuroimmune environment in the nucleus accumbens of maternal rats.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Exploring the vaginal ecosystem: insights into host-microbe interactions and microbial community dynamics.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Anellovirus constraint from 2 to 6 months postpartum followed by betatorquevirus and gammatorquevirus dominance in serum and milk.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Rhombencephalitis, a forgotten diagnosis in the post-partum period: a case report.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- Fatal Progression of Vulvar Cancer in Pregnancy: A Case Report on Delayed Intervention.The American journal of case reports · 2025Article
- Inflammation, antiretroviral therapy continuation, and HIV disease progression in postpartum women with HIV.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Associations between Parity, History of Breastfeeding, and T-cell Profile of Ovarian Tumors.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- PBPK-Led Assessment of Antimalarial Drug Concentrations in Breastmilk: A Strategy for Optimal Use of Prediction Methods to Guide Decision Making in an Understudied Population.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Chronic Inflammation Offers Hints About Viable Therapeutic Targets for Preeclampsia and Potentially Related Offspring Sequelae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Pregnancy-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are not associated with impaired maternal neuronal activity or memory function.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
problemLittle is known about postpartum immune recovery and relationships of common dysphoric moods, stress, immunology, and endocrinology. METHOD OF STUDY: Healthy women (n = 72) were followed for six postpartum months with immune and hormone measures and dysphoric moods and stress scales. A panel of cytokines produced in mitogen-stimulated whole blood assays were measured at each time, along with plasma levels of hsC-reactive protein (hsCRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a panel of hormones.
resultsCellular immunity, measured by production of Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and (Interleukin-2 (IL-2) from stimulated whole blood culture, was low in the early postpartum with changes by 3 months. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) showed a similar pattern. Plasma levels of CRP and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) showed higher levels in the early postpartum. Mood disturbance scores dropped across the postpartum with a change in slope at 3 months. No significant relationships were found between immune, endocrine, and psychosocial measures.
conclusionReturn to normal cellular immune function may take 3-4 months in the postpartum. Some aspects of early immunology (hsCRP and IL-6) probably reflect the latter stage of pregnancy, the stress of birth and the inflammation associated with involution. Dysphoric moods are higher in the early postpartum but are not related to immune factors or hormones.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.