ArticleBlood2014
Human T-follicular helper and T-follicular regulatory cell maintenance is independent of germinal centers.
Article in Blood, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- T follicular regulatory cells suppress Tfh-mediated B cell help and synergistically increase IL-10-producing B cells in breast carcinoma.Immunologic research · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Significant decreased CXCR3Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in patients with primary membranous nephropathy: a focus on refractory and rituximab-resistant patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- CD8+ T cell depletion promotes human Tph/Tfh cell proliferation and Sjögren syndrome-like symptoms in PBMC-based humanized mice.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Germinal center formation is resilient to CD69 deletion on T follicular helper cells.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Article
- Human precursor T follicular regulatory cells are primed for differentiation into mature Tfr and disrupted during severe infections.Science advances · 2025Article
- Transcriptome-Wide Analysis and Experimental Validation from FFPE Tissue Identifies Stage-Specific Gene Expression Profiles Differentiating Adenoma, Carcinoma In-Situ and Adenocarcinoma in Colorectal Cancer Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Association of rituximab use with adverse events in adults with lymphoma or autoimmune disease: a single center experience.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Follicular lymphoma regulatory T-cell origin and function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The extrafollicular B cell response is a hallmark of childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Memory T follicular helper cells drive donor-specific antibodies independent of memory B cells and primary germinal center and alloantibody formation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2023Article
- The place of cyclical therapy for the treatment of membranous nephropathy in the era of rituximab.Clinical kidney journal · 2023Article
- Low-dose IL-2 enhances the generation of IL-10-producing immunoregulatory B cells.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2022Article
- The impact of HIV infection on the frequencies, function, spatial localization and heterogeneity of T follicular regulatory cells (TFRs) within human lymph nodes.BMC immunology · 2022Article
- Follicular helper T cell signature of replicative exhaustion, apoptosis, and senescence in common variable immunodeficiency.European journal of immunology · 2022Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (RTX) depletes B cells in the treatment of lymphoma and autoimmune disease, and contributes to alloantibody reduction in transplantation across immunologic barriers. The effects of RTX on T cells are less well described. T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide growth and differentiation signals to germinal center (GC) B cells to support antibody production, and suppressive T-follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells regulate this response. In mice, both Tfh and Tfr are absolutely dependent on B cells for their formation and on the GC for their maintenance. In this study, we demonstrate that RTX treatment results in a lack of GC B cells in human lymph nodes without affecting the Tfh or Tfr cell populations. These data demonstrate that human Tfh and Tfr do not require an ongoing GC response for their maintenance. The persistence of Tfh and Tfr following RTX treatment may permit rapid reconstitution of the pathological GC response once the B-cell pool begins to recover. Strategies for maintaining remission after RTX therapy will need to take this persistence of Tfh into account.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.