SynthesisClinical pharmacokinetics2014
Protecting the fetus against HIV infection: a systematic review of placental transfer of antiretrovirals.
Synthesis in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of the TCR Repertoire in HIV-Exposed but Uninfected Infants.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Modelling the tail-phase pharmacokinetics of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine from early pregnancy to postpartum at steady state.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2026Article
- Placenta models for HIV-1-ART-nicotine comorbidity research: advances and remaining challenges.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Transplacental Transfer of Telbivudine in Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Pregnant Women Treated with Telbivudine during the Third Trimester.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Antiretroviral-Induced Toxicity in Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Haematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- CEST MRI detects antiretroviral drug toxicities in the developing mouse brain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Intelligence and language outcomes in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected: the role of sex, perinatal risk factors, and socioeconomic status.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Viral Infections During Pregnancy: The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2022Article
- Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Following In Utero HIV Infection Is Associated With Low Viral Reservoirs but Other Factors Determine Viral Rebound.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- In utero and peripartum antiretroviral exposure as predictor of cognition in 6- to 10-year-old HIV-exposed Ugandan children - a prospective cohort study.HIV medicine · 2021Article
- Maternal endothelial dysfunction in HIV-associated preeclampsia comorbid with COVID-19: a review.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2021Review
- Evaluating Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Perinatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs: Current Challenges and New Approaches.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Review
- Review
- Perinatal outcomes of twenty-five human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women: Hacettepe University experienceJournal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association · 2020Article
- Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors: An Updated Review.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2020Review
- Assessment of Maternal and Fetal Dolutegravir Exposure by Integrating Ex Vivo Placental Perfusion Data and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2020Article
- Brain microstructural changes support cognitive deficits in HIV uninfected children born to HIV infected mothers.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020Article
- Growth and Neurodevelopment of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: a Conceptual Framework.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- Review article: direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of HCV during pregnancy and lactation - implications for maternal dosing, foetal exposure, and safety for mother and child.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal-to-fetal transfer of antiretroviral drugs contributes to prevention of vertical transmission of HIV.
objectiveThis systematic review discusses published studies containing data pertaining to the pharmacokinetics of placental transfer of antiretrovirals in humans, including paired cord and maternal plasma samples collected at the time of delivery as well as ex vivo placental perfusion models.
methodsArticles pertaining to placental transfer of antiretrovirals were identified from PubMed, from references of included articles, and from US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Treatment of HIV-infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission guidelines. Articles from non-human animal models or that had no original maternal-to-fetal transfer data were excluded. PRISMA guidelines were followed.
resultsA total of 103 published studies were identified. Data across studies appeared relatively consistent for the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and the non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), with cord to maternal ratios approaching 1 for many of these agents. The protease inhibitors atazanavir and lopinavir exhibited consistent maternal-to-fetal transfer across studies, although the transfer may be influenced by variations in drug-binding proteins. The protease inhibitors indinavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir exhibited unreliable placental transport, with cord blood concentrations that were frequently undetectable. Limited data, primarily from case reports, indicate that darunavir and raltegravir provide detectable placental transfer.
conclusionThese findings appear consistent with current guidelines of using two NRTIs plus an NNRTI, atazanavir/ritonavir, or lopinavir/ritonavir to maximize placental transfer as well as to optimally suppress maternal viral load. Darunavir/ritonavir and raltegravir may reasonably serve as second-line agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.