ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2014
Digital Clock Drawing: differentiating "thinking" versus "doing" in younger and older adults with depression.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03238001 (Evaluation of DCTclock™ as a Cognitive Assessment Aid), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of DCTclock™ as a Cognitive Assessment Aid
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Generational differences in clock drawing test performance.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2026Article
- The role of lipids in the effect of APOE2 on cognitive function: a causal mediation analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Design and Feasibility Analysis of a Smartphone-Based Digital Cognitive Assessment Study in the Framingham Heart Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Deep learning for studying drawing behavior: A review.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- Modeling Users' Cognitive Performance Using Digital Pen Features.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2022Article
- Association Between the Digital Clock Drawing Test and Neuropsychological Test Performance: Large Community-Based Prospective Cohort (Framingham Heart Study).Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Article
- Association of Digital Clock Drawing With PET Amyloid and Tau Pathology in Normal Older Adults.Neurology · 2021Article
- Patient-Tailored, Home-Based Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for Memory Deficits in Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Parkinson's Disease Cognitive Phenotypes Show Unique Clock Drawing Features when Measured with Digital Technology.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2021Article
- Digital Technology Differentiates Graphomotor and Information Processing Speed Patterns of Behavior.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Normative References for Graphomotor and Latency Digital Clock Drawing Metrics for Adults Age 55 and Older: Operationalizing the Production of a Normal Appearing Clock.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Proof of concept: digital clock drawing behaviors prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement may predict length of hospital stay and cost of care.Exploration of medicine · 2021Article
- An Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Method for Dementia Detection Using Images from the Clock Drawing Test.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Cognitive Correlates of Digital Clock Drawing Metrics in Older Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Article
- Marrying Past and Present Neuropsychology: Is the Future of the Process-Based Approach Technology-Based?Frontiers in psychology · 2020Review
- The oblique effect: The relationship between profiles of visuospatial preference, cognition, and brain connectomics in older adults.Neuropsychologia · 2019Article
- Clock Drawing Performance Slows for Older Adults After Total Knee Replacement Surgery.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2019Observational
- Technology and Dementia: The Future is Now.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders · 2019Review
- Assessing Performance on Digital Clock Drawing Test in Aged Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Article
- How technology is reshaping cognitive assessment: Lessons from the Framingham Heart Study.Neuropsychology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Psychomotor slowing has been documented in depression. The digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) provides: (i) a novel technique to assess both cognitive and motor aspects of psychomotor speed within the same task and (ii) the potential to uncover subtleties of behavior not previously detected with non-digitized modes of data collection. Using digitized pen technology in 106 participants grouped by Age (younger/older) and Affect (euthymic/unmedicated depressed), we recorded cognitive and motor output by capturing how the clock is drawn rather than focusing on the final product. We divided time to completion (TTC) for Command and Copy conditions of the dCDT into metrics of percent of drawing (%Ink) versus non-drawing (%Think) time. We also obtained composite Z-scores of cognition, including attention/information processing (AIP), to explore associations of %Ink and %Think times to cognitive and motor performance. Despite equivalent TTC, %Ink and %Think Command times (Copy n.s.) were significant (AgeXAffect interaction: p=.03)-younger depressed spent a smaller proportion of time drawing relative to thinking compared to the older depressed group. Command %Think time negatively correlated with AIP in the older depressed group (r=-.46; p=.02). Copy %Think time negatively correlated with AIP in the younger depressed (r=-.47; p=.03) and older euthymic groups (r=-.51; p=.01). The dCDT differentiated aspects of psychomotor slowing in depression regardless of age, while dCDT/cognitive associates for younger adults with depression mimicked patterns of older euthymics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.