ReviewJournal of addiction medicine
A review of buprenorphine diversion and misuse: the current evidence base and experiences from around the world.
Review in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 247 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness and safety of therapies for patients with opioid use disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of buprenorphine for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2022Pooled it
- Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2018Guideline
- Extended-Release vs Sublingual Buprenorphine in Pregnancy Through 12 Months Post Partum: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2026Trial
- The impact of the communities that HEAL intervention on the provision of jail-based medication for opioid use disorder & linkage programs at release: Results from a randomized, wait-list controlled trial.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Trial
- Mobile Medication Adherence Platform for Buprenorphine (MAP4BUP): A Phase I feasibility, usability and efficacy pilot randomized clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Trial
- Long-term safety of a weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot (CAM2038) in the treatment of adult out-patients with opioid use disorder.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Trial
- MySafeRx: a mobile technology platform integrating motivational coaching, adherence monitoring, and electronic pill dispensing for enhancing buprenorphine/naloxone adherence during opioid use disorder treatment: a pilot study.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2018Trial
- Weekly and Monthly Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot Formulations vs Daily Sublingual Buprenorphine With Naloxone for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2018Trial
- Effect of Buprenorphine Weekly Depot (CAM2038) and Hydromorphone Blockade in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Intranasal buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone: Abuse liability and reinforcing efficacy in physically dependent opioid abusers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- Examining the effects of pill counts on treatment retention in buprenorphine maintenance therapy.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Preclinical Evaluation of Dual NOP/Mu Partial Agonists for Methamphetamine Use Disorder.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of a Pilot Study To Integrate Buprenorphine into a Harm-reduction Drop-in-Center in Kampala, Uganda.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Exploring the Italian Experience with Long-Acting Buprenorphine Formulations (LAIB) for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Series of Narrative Interviews.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical perspectives: navigating buprenorphine formulations for pain treatment and opioid use disorder-a case-based approach.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Buprenorphine and Methadone Discontinuation During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Nationwide Cohort Study.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Outpatient opioid addiction treatment with sublingual buprenorphine pharmacotherapy has rapidly expanded in the United States and abroad, and, with this increase in medication availability, there have been increasing concerns about its diversion, misuse, and related harms. This narrative review defines the behaviors of diversion and misuse, examines how the pharmacology of buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone influence its abuse liability, and describes the epidemiological data on buprenorphine diversion and intravenous misuse, risk factors for its intravenous misuse, and the unintended consequences of misuse and diversion. Physician practices to prevent, screen for, and therapeutically respond to these behaviors, which are a form of medication nonadherence, are discussed, and gaps in knowledge are identified. Outpatient opioid addiction treatment with sublingual buprenorphine pharmacotherapy experiences from other countries that have varied health care systems, public policies, and access to addiction treatment are shared to make clear that diversion and misuse occur across the world in various contexts, for many different reasons, and are not limited to buprenorphine. Comparisons are made with other opioids with known abuse liability and medications with no known abuse. The objective was to facilitate understanding of diversion and misuse so that all factors influencing their expression (patient and provider characteristics and public policy) can be appreciated within a framework that also recognizes the benefits of addiction treatment. With this comprehensive perspective, further careful work can help determine how to minimize these behaviors without eroding the current benefits realized through improved addiction treatment access and expansion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.