ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2015
A beat-by-beat analysis of cardiovascular responses to dry resting and exercise apnoeas in elite divers.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular, respiratory and splenic responses to rebreathing and apnoea during exercise.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Impact of glossopharyngeal insufflation and complete exhalation on breath-hold performance and physiological parameters in elite skin divers.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- Time courses for pulmonary oxygen uptake and cardiovascular responses are similar during apnea in resting humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Mathematical model of the inflammatory response to acute and prolonged lipopolysaccharide exposure in humans.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Breath-holding as model for the evaluation of EEG signal during respiratory distress.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Review
- Splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses are augmented during apnea compared to rebreathing in humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Review
- Baroreflex responses during dry resting and exercise apnoeas in air and pure oxygen.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Heart Rate and Muscle Oxygenation Kinetics During Dynamic Constant Load Intermittent Breath-Holds.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Hold your breath: peripheral and cerebral oxygenation during dry static apnea.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- Neurocognitive Markers During Prolonged Breath-Holding in Freedivers: An Event-Related EEG Study.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Dynamics of the RR-interval versus blood pressure relationship at exercise onset in humans.European journal of applied physiology · 2017Article
- Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers.European journal of applied physiology · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCardiovascular responses during resting apnoea include three phases: (1) a dynamic phase of rapid changes, lasting at most 30 s; (2) a subsequent steady phase; and (3) a further dynamic phase, with a continuous decrease in heart rate (HR) and an increase in blood pressure. The interpretation was that the end of the steady phase corresponds to the physiological apnoea breaking point. This being so, during exercise apnoeas, the steady phase would be shorter, and the rate of cardiovascular changes in the subsequent unsteady phase would be faster than at rest.
methodsTo test these hypotheses, we measured beat-by-beat systolic (SBP), diastolic, and mean blood pressures (MBP), HR, and stroke volume (SV) in six divers during dry resting (duration 239.4 ± 51.6 s) and exercise (30 W on cycle ergometer, duration 88.2 ± 20.9 s) maximal apnoeas, and we computed cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) and total peripheral resistance (TPR).
resultsCompared to control, at the beginning of resting (R1) and exercising (E1) apnoeas, SBP and MBP decreased and HR increased. SV and [Formula: see text] fell, so that TPR remained unchanged. At rest, HR, SV, [Formula: see text], and SBP were stable during the subsequent phase; this steady phase was missing in exercise apnoeas. Subsequently, at rest (R3) and at exercise (E2), HR decreased and SBP increased continuously. SV returned to control values. Since [Formula: see text] remained unchanged, TPR grew.
conclusionsThe lack of steady phase during exercise apnoeas suggests that the conditions determining R3 were already attained at the end of E1. This being so, E2 would correspond to R3.
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